Fig. 7.

Diverse ways of administration utilized in MSC-EXOs delivery, including a the parenteral administration comprises; the three most common ways are intramuscular (i.m.), intravenous (i.v.), and subcutaneous (S.C.) administration; b Oral administration is a more straightforward and non-invasive method, although the transported EXOs must remain stable pass via the gastrointestinal tract [104]; c Intranasal injection resulted in improved brain aggregation of EXOs at the damaged brain location, compared to i.v. administration; d Intraperitoneal injection of EXOs is another injection method, with widespread EXO distribution capability [97]; e Regarding dermal injection routes, administration into the dermis, recognized as intradermal administration, and topical use are other easy choices to remedy dermal diseases; f Intra-articular administration next to the injured tissue is utilized for rheumatoid arthritis, leading to more effectiveness tissue repair because of the direct use of the drugs to the injured region; g MSCs-EXOs permeate through ocular surface and enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic agents