Table 2.

MSC-EXOs as miRNAs delivery system in Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Diseases

MSC-EXOs	Type of diseases	miRNAs	Route of administration	Explain	References
BM-MSC-EXOs	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)	miR-146a (EXO-146a)	Intravenously injected via a tail vein	BM-MSCs-EXOs as biologic carriers of miR-146a can efficiently intercede and improve the curative action of MSCs in diabetic mice	[136]
HAD-MSC-EXOs	Diabetic wound	miR-21-5p	Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)	This method improves the production and migration of keratinocytes by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro and speeds up diabetic wound recovery via enhancing re-epithelialization, collagen repair, angiogenesis, and vessel maturation in vivo	[172]
BM-MSC-EXOs	Autoimmune hepatitis	miR-223-3p	Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)	BM-MSC-EXOs was effectively loaded with miR-223-3p and transported miR-223-3p into macrophages. Furthermore, there was the absence of side effects of EXOs on the macrophages	[135]
BM-MSC-EXOs	Alzheimer’s disease	miR-146a	Intracerebroventricular injection	Researchers showed that BM-MSCs ameliorate cognitive disorder in an Alzheimer’s disease model by enhancing the expression of microRNA-146a in a part of the limbic lobe	[139]
HUC-MSC-EXOs	Alzheimer’s disease	miR-223	–	HUC-MSC-EXOs miR-223 preserved neuronal cells from apoptosis via the PTEN-PI3K/Akt pathway and offered a powerful curative method for Alzheimer’s disease	[173]
AD-MSC-EXOs	Parkinson's disease	miR-188-3p	Injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)	AD-MSCs-EXOs to deliver miR-188-3p for therapy inhibited autophagy and pyroptosis while enhancing proliferation by binding to CDK5 and NLRP3 in mice and MN9D cells	[140]
synovial MSC-EXOs	Degenerative arthritis	miR-140-5p	Intra-articular injection	This method increased the proliferation and migration of articular chondrocytes without harming extracellular matrix release in vitro. In contrast, in vivo, SMSC-EXOs miR-140-5p effectively inhibited osteoarthritis in an animal model	[174]