Table 2:
Geometric means (GM [SE]) urinary creatinine-corrected VOCs by participants characteristics, NHANES 2011–2012 (N = 1,342)
| Characteristics | All (%) | 2MH + 34M | AAM + AMC | CEM + HPM | DHB + MB3 | ATC | BMA | BPM | CYM | HP2 | MAD | PHG | PMM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| All participants | 100 | 300.46 (14.86) | 244.40 (8.34) | 382.75 (12.32) | 297.43 (7.61) | 110.39 (4.98) | 7.24 (0.25) | 5.05 (0.24) | 4.40 (0.36) | 38.35 (1.70) | 145.30 (5.81) | 200.63 (7.49) | 299.92 (10.47) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Age groups | |||||||||||||
| 18 to 39 years | 42.6 | 259.49 (12.61) | 198.64 (10.69) | 321.37 (13.68) | 267.07 (8.40) | 97.76 (5.02) | 6.59 (0.30) | 5.01 (0.38) | 3.98 (0.57) | 34.61 (1.25) | 132.41 (5.13) | 174.12 (7.96) | 244.08 (9.96) |
| 40 to 59 years | 38.3 | 344.23 (30.44) | 286.55 (17.37) | 460.71 (25.11) | 312.06 (13.31) | 116.87 (8.83) | 7.18 (0.34) | 4.88 (0.47) | 6.04 (0.84) | 41.71 (2.33) | 160.39 (12.13) | 217.71 (15.09) | 365.38 (25.71) |
| ≥ 60 years | 19.1 | 317.15 (46.15) | 281.94 (9.78) | 398.69 (27.73) | 343.35 (11.24) | 129.06 (7.05) | 9.09 (0.76) | 5.50 (0.56) | 2.91 (0.58) | 40.75 (4.66) | 146.61 (8.24) | 233.53 (8.58) | 319.51 (24.35) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Males | 49.8 | 276.78 (18.97) | 218.25 (10.68) | 370.31 (17.00) | 286.00 (8.14) | 71.00 (4.74) | 6.03 (0.24) | 4.30 (0.28) | 4.44 (0.53) | 33.30 (1.85) | 137.83 (5.04) | 185.33 (8.79) | 276.39 (15.08) |
| Females | 50.2 | 325.91 (20.26) | 273.40 (13.44) | 395.48 (21.09) | 309.21 (10.69) | 170.92 (9.14) | 8.69 (0.43) | 5.92 (0.46) | 4.36 (0.60) | 44.12 (3.79) | 153.09 (8.96) | 217.04 (9.25) | 325.20 (15.98) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 67.0 | 329.62 (15.13) | 281.86 (11.04) | 391.36 (17.13) | 314.55 (9.46) | 109.49 (5.74) | 7.06 (0.29) | 4.66 (0.31) | 4.60 (0.42) | 41.30 (2.12) | 149.55 (8.29) | 216.89 (7.61) | 323.85 (14.82) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.5 | 224.23 (13.81) | 164.58 (6.75) | 341.20 (12.51) | 251.35 (6.85) | 94.78 (5.53) | 8.13 (0.40) | 3.86 (0.44) | 4.80 (0.47) | 28.11 (1.87) | 126.37 (5.47) | 165.71 (4.00) | 233.49 (9.29) |
| Mexican American | 7.3 | 230.65 (28.87) | 185.96 (18.54) | 345.53 (24.26) | 279.44 (23.51) | 121.98 (16.25) | 6.19 (0.78) | 8.29 (0.88) | 3.16 (0.67) | 39.96 (4.13) | 138.97 (9.05) | 160.01 (18.32) | 250.21 (29.35) |
| Other | 14.2 | 281.83 (27.98) | 197.65 (11.75) | 398.77 (24.75) | 270.31 (7.48) | 123.41 (10.33) | 8.09 (0.34) | 7.22 (0.79) | 3.91 (0.50) | 34.08 (1.73) | 145.29 (8.17) | 182.11 (9.90) | 280.68 (18.62) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| PIR | |||||||||||||
| ≤ 1 | 16.1 | 331.81 (59.98) | 253.57 (31.94) | 441.43(56.94) | 300.25 (18.04) | 115.13 (12.39) | 6.12 (0.33) | 4.46 (0.36) | 8.50 (2.08) | 38.04 (3.11) | 152.11 (12.09) | 204.83 (21.68) | 355.05 (53.08) |
| 1 to 3 | 34.9 | 302.68 (18.26) | 253.00 (13.54) | 394.42 (21.30) | 303.63 (8.23) | 113.76 (8.39) | 7.53 (0.56) | 4.89 (0.30) | 5.03 (0.80) | 38.48 (2.28) | 148.40 (7.42) | 201.53 (8.50) | 307.90 (19.80) |
| > 3 | 49.0 | 289.27 (21.16) | 235.57 (8.73) | 357.44 (16.67) | 292.19 (10.94) | 106.56 (5.83) | 7.45 (0.34) | 5.38 (0.34) | 3.21 (0.31) | 38.37 (2.63) | 140.98 (7.97) | 198.63 (10.04) | 278.43 (14.79) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Smoker | |||||||||||||
| Never | 59.1 | 229.50 (13.96) | 179.95 (7.06) | 288.56 (8.93) | 266.50 (7.78) | 106.98 (5.47) | 7.32 (0.32) | 5.45 (0.30) | 1.85 (0.11) | 34.26 (1.89) | 124.91 (4.15) | 176.25 (8.07) | 212.41 (8.28) |
| Current | 18.2 | 894.84 (82.95) | 631.46 (35.72) | 1,145.28 (70.09) | 416.60 (18.07) | 133.49 (9.71) | 6.78 (0.30) | 4.00 (0.30) | 124.94 (14.00) | 68.55 (4.38) | 264.69 (15.44) | 316.72 (18.39) | 1,055.19 (59.94) |
| Past | 22.2 | 243.07 (17.73) | 246.45 (11.11) | 319.42 (13.15) | 299.26 (8.79) | 102.05 (9.12) | 7.47 (0.57) | 5.03 (0.55) | 2.55 (0.26) | 31.58 (3.35) | 130.42 (9.53) | 192.10 (7.68) | 257.68 (18.17) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| SHS | |||||||||||||
| No | 89.8 | 270.46 (15.49) | 223.25 (6.53) | 341.24 (8.40) | 286.09 (6.89) | 109.38 (4.97) | 7.30 (0.24) | 5.28 (0.25) | 3.14 (0.21) | 35.83 (1.48) | 136.35 (5.45) | 189.70 (6.93) | 262.90 (8.82) |
| Yes | 10.2 | 761.95 (102.98) | 544.37 (65.13) | 1,056.56 (150.61) | 419.60 (29.30) | 119.76 (0.11) | 6.77 (0.53) | 3.42 (0.39) | 87.50 (20.43) | 69.54 (10.95) | 254.90 (21.53) | 329.31 (31.89) | 961.68 (151.21) |
|
| |||||||||||||
| BMI | |||||||||||||
| Normal | 31.6 | 336.51 (26.54) | 256.56 (20.44) | 405.77 (36.28) | 305.69 (13.10) | 122.16 (9.14) | 7.79 (0.57) | 6.11 (0.53) | 4.97 (0.96) | 43.44 (3.21) | 155.12 (11.36) | 210.73 (15.39) | 340.66 (35.12) |
| Underweight | 2.0 | 331.75 (86.15) | 378.50 (94.47) | 494.04 (133.84) | 351.07 (28.69) | 179.16 (36.53) | 6.87 (1.74) | 3.36 (0.74) | 14.75 (11.74) | 41.74 (9.32) | 164.11 (15.07) | 231.97 (26.41) | 523.62 (161.30) |
| Overweight | 33.2 | 285.39 (23.82) | 228.11 (8.31) | 364.64 (11.25) | 290.44 (11.86) | 106.14 (8.36) | 7.15 (0.41) | 4.69 (0.29) | 3.72 (0.44) | 38.27 (2.50) | 147.63 (6.36) | 199.70 (6.27) | 286.43 (9.24) |
| Obese | 33.0 | 282.27 (22.15) | 243.58 (13.93) | 374.27 (16.01) | 293.83 (10.30) | 101.22 (5.76) | 6.87 (0.28) | 4.63 (0.37) | 4.31 (0.68) | 33.94 (2.32) | 133.31 (8.30) | 190.62 (11.32) | 268.85 (13.79) |
Abbreviations: 2MH: 2-Methylhippuric acid; 34M: 3-Methylhippuric acid & 4-Methylhippuric acid; AAM: N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-Cysteine; AMC: N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-Cysteine; CEM: N-Acetyl-S- (2-Carboxyethyl)-L-Cysteine; HPM: N-Acetyl-S- (3-Hydroxypropyl)-L-Cysteine; DHB: N-AcetylS- (3,4-Dihydroxybutyl)-L-Cysteine; MB3: N-Acetyl-S- (4-hydroxy-2-butenyl)-L-Cysteine; ATC: 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid; BMA: N-Acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-Cysteine; BPM: N-Acetyl-S-(n-propyl)-L-Cysteine; CYM: N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-Cysteine; HP2: N-Acetyl-S- (2-hydroxypropyl)-L-Cysteine; MAD: Mandelic acid; PHG: Phenylglyoxylic acid; PMM: N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-Cysteine. PIR: poverty-income ratio; SHS: secondhand smoke; BMI: body mass index. Bold font indicates significant difference in urinary VOC metabolites by study participants’ characteristics