Table 3.
Changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors data from baseline to follow-up after a physical activity (PA) intervention
| Study | Group | BMI, kg/m2 or body mass, kg | Body fat, % | Systolic BP (mmHg) | Cardiorespiratory fitness | †Fasting insulin (μU/mL) or IGF-1 (ng/mL) | Cortisol (nmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic activity | |||||||
| Campbell et al.54 (2012) USA | Insulin | ||||||
| PA | 83.7 (12.3) to 80.9 (12.2) kg; –3.3% ∗vs control ∗∗∗vs diet ∗∗∗vs PA + diet |
47.3 (4.1) to 45.5 (5.0); –3.8% ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗∗vs diet ∗∗∗vs PA + diet |
— | 1.9 (0.3) to 2.0 (0.4) L/min; +10.1% ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗∗vs diet |
10.9 (10.0–12.0) to 10.1 (9.1–11.0) μU/mL; -8.2% ∗∗vs diet ∗∗∗vs PA + diet |
— | |
| Diet | 84 (11.8) to 74.9 (12.3) kg; -10.8% ∗∗∗vs control |
47 (4.3) to 42.1 (6.4); –10.6% ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗∗vs PA + diet |
— | 1.9 (0.3) to 1.8 (0.3) L/min; –2.3% ∗∗∗vs PA + diet |
11 (9.8–12.2) to 8.1 (7.3 to 9) μU/mL; –26.1% ∗∗∗vs control |
— | |
| PA + diet | 82.5 (10.8) to 72.7 (10.9) kg; –11.9% ∗∗∗vs control |
47.4 (4.5) to 41.1 (7.0); –13.4% ∗∗∗vs control |
— | 1.9 (0.3) to 2.1 (0.4) L/min; +7.6% ∗∗∗vs control |
10.7 (9.7–11.8) to 7.9 (7.1-8.7) μU/mL; –26.5% ∗∗∗vs control |
— | |
| Control | 84.2 (12.5) to 83.7 (12.3) kg; –0.6% |
47.3 (4.4) to 47.2 (5.3); –0.5% | — | 1.9 (0.4) to 1.9 (0.3) L/min; –0.9% | 12.0 (10.8–13.3) to 11.6 (10.4–12.9) μU/mL; -3.7% | — | |
| Friedenreich et al.56 (2010) Canada | PA | Δ –2.3 (2.9–1.7) kg ∗∗∗vs control |
— | — | Δ +3.9 (2.8–4.9) mL/ kg/min ∗∗ vs control |
— | — |
| Control | Δ 0.5 (1.0–0.1) kg | — | — | Δ +0.7 (–0.2 to 1.6) mL/ kg/min | — | — | |
| Friedenreich et al.55 (2015) Canada | Moderate (150 min/wk PA) | Δ –1.9 (2.4–1.3) kg | Δ –1.1 (1.5–0.7) | — | Δ +4.0 (3.3–4.8) mL/ kg/min | — | — |
| High (300 min/wk PA) | Δ –2.6 (3.2–1.9) kg | Δ –2.0 (2.5–1.5) ∗∗vs moderate group |
— | Δ +5.0 (4.2–5.9) mL/ kg/min | — | — | |
| Kim & Kim58 (2012) South Korea | Insulin | ||||||
| PA | 25.0 (1.3) to 24.2(1.2) kg/m2 ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗within group |
36.0 (3.0) to 33.5 (3.3) ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗within group |
133 (5) to 125 (5) ∗∗∗ vs. control ∗∗∗within group |
— | 8.2 (1.0) 7.3(1.0) μU/mL ∗∗vs control ∗∗∗within group |
— | |
| Control | 25.1 (1.5) to 25.9(1.4) kg/m2 ∗∗within group | 36.6 (1.7) to 37.5 (2.4) ∗∗within group |
132 (4) to 134 (3) ∗∗within group |
— | 8.1 (1.2) to 8.4(1.2) μU/mL ∗∗∗within group |
— | |
| McTiernan et al.59 (2004) USA | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yoo et al.67 (2010) South Korea | PA | BMI 26.6 (2.9) to 26.3 (3.1) kg/m2 Body mass 63.9 (7.8) to 62.9 (8) kg |
— | 135 (8) to 130 (10) | — | — | — |
| Control | BMI 25.4 (3.0) to 25.1 (3.0) kg/m2 Body mass 59 (9.7) to 58.6 (10.1) kg |
— | 128 (14) to 125 (15) | — | — | — | |
| Resistance training | |||||||
| Copeland et al.66 (2004) Canada | IGF-1 | ||||||
| PA | 25.7 (2.7) to 25.6 (2.6) kg/m2 | 39.9 (2.6) to 40.4 (2.8) | — | — | 220 (175) to 203 (158) ng/mL ∗∗vs control |
401 (154) to 392 (120) nmol/L ∗∗within group |
|
| Control | 31.6 (7.6) to 31.6 (7.7) kg/m2 | 41.1 (5.5) to 40.9 (4.9) | — | — | 110 (33) to 109 (42) ng/mL | 406 (121) to 383 (102) nmol/L | |
| Figueroa et al.53 (2003) USA | PA | — | Δ –0.9% ∗within group |
— | — | NR | NR |
| Control | — | Δ +1.0% | — | — | — | — | |
| Nunes et al.61 (2019) Brazil | IGF-1 | ||||||
| Low (3 sets) | — | — | — | — | 114 (85–142) to 122 (81–163) ng/mL; +6.7% | 482 (328–639) to 630 (450–811) nmol/L; +73% | |
| High (6 sets) | — | — | — | — | 134 (111–157) to 142 (114–171) ng/mL; +7.3% | 518 (391–646) to 611 (442–779) nmol/L; +36.8% | |
| Control | — | — | — | — | 138 (104–172) to 135 (101–169) ng/mL; +4.1% | 451 (292–610) to 543 (263–823) nmol/L; +16.8% | |
| Orsatti et al.62 (2008) Brazil | IGF-1 | ||||||
| PA | 28.8 (4.5) to 29.4 (4.8) kg/m2 | 35.6 (8.1) to 34.9 (8.3) | — | — | 149 (71) to 205 (82) ng/mL ∗∗vs control ∗within group |
433 (124) to 447 (163) nmol/L | |
| Control | 27.6 (5.1) to 27.1 (5.1) kg/m2 | 32.6 (7.8) to 31.5 (7.8) | — | — | 129 (45) to 113 (53) ng/mL | 339 (127) to 356 (127) nmol/L | |
| Son et al.63 (2020) South Korea | IGF-1 | ||||||
| PA | 26.5 (1.0) to 26.0 (0.9) kg/m2 ∗vs control ∗within group |
35.6 (2.9) to 34.0 (3.0) ∗vs control ∗within group |
139 (3) to 136 (4) ∗vs control ∗within group |
— | 145 (19) to 151 (18) ng/mL ∗vs control ∗within group |
— | |
| Control | 26.9 (1.0) to 26.8 (1.1) kg/m2 | 35.8 (3.2) to 36.1 (2.9) | 138 (5) to 138 (4) | — | 144 (15) to 140 (15) ng/mL | — | |
| Ward et al.65 (2020) Sweden | PA | 28.1 (3.8) to 27.9 (3.9) kg/m2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Control | 26.7 (3.6) to 26.8 (3.8) kg/m2 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Combined aerobic and resistance training | |||||||
| Gonzalo-Encabo et al.57 (2020) Spain | Endurance (aerobic) | Δ –1.9 % ∗vs control |
— | — | Δ +13% ∗∗within group |
— | Δ –17.5% ∗within group |
| Concurrent (aerobic/ resistance) | Δ –1.4 % ∗vs control |
— | — | Δ +12% ∗∗∗within group |
— | NR | |
| Control | Δ –1.0 % | — | — | NR | — | NR | |
| Monninkhof et al.60 (2009) The Netherlands | PA | - | 39.8 to 38.9; –2.2% | — | — | — | — |
| Control | - | 40.9 to 40.9; 0% | — | — | — | — | |
| van Gemert et al.64 (2015) The Netherlands | PA | 29.0 to 27.0 kg/m2; –6.8% ∗∗∗vs control |
43.9 to 39.8; –9.3% ∗∗∗vs control ∗∗∗vs diet |
— | 1.8 to 1.9 L/min; +6.7% ∗∗vs control ∗∗∗vs diet |
— | — |
| Diet | 29.2 to 27.5; –6.1% ∗∗∗vs control |
44 to 41.5; –5.7% ∗∗∗vs control |
— | 1.7 to 1.7L/min; –2.5% | — | — | |
| Control | 29.3 to 29.4 kg/m2; +0.1% | 43.5 to 43.7; +0.5% | — | 1.8 to 1.7 L/min; –4.5% | — | — | |
Data are presented as mean (95% confidence interval or standard deviation) unless otherwise specified;
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; NR, not reported.
∗
P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01; ∗∗∗P < 0.001.
†
Insulin was analyzed, although only 2 studies reported on it, owing to the well-established relationship between androgens and insulin.