Table 1.

Characteristics of postpartum interventions to improve monitoring, screening, and follow-up among postpartum individuals after an adverse pregnancy outcome.

Category	Type of intervention	Definition	Postpartum population	Description of example interventions	Summary of results
Technology-based interventions	Virtual reminders	Text or EHR reminders for postpartum screening and follow-up testing; can be on the patient or clinician level	GDM40,60–65 and HDP66	Patient reminders: phone calls or SMS texts for OGTT or home blood pressure monitoring60,62,63,66 Clinician reminders: EHR notification for OGTT on patient’s summary screen,61 GDM coded at discharge diagnoses65	Increase in completion of postpartum OGTT60,62 No change in postpartum OGTT completion61
	mHealth monitoring	Mobile health technologies for remote patient monitoring	HDP66,70–73	Self-administered blood pressure and vital signs monitoring via Bluetooth systems linked to clinics70,73 Remote patient monitoring platform linked to EHR71 Text-based blood pressure monitoring using a home blood pressure cuff66	Increase in return and follow up at medical facility73 High program retention rate70,71 Increase in postpartum visit attendance71 Text-based monitoring was more effective in obtaining blood pressures compared with traditional office-based follow-up94
	mHealth education and support	Mobile health technologies for patient education and support	GDM78 and HDP80	mHealth application with diabetes curriculum78 Appointment tracking and reminders; motivation and goal-setting activities Connects patients to community-based food, exercise, and social support resources Team-based gamification intervention encouraging step-count goals80	High program retention rate Positive patient feedback regarding usability, feasibility, and features Increase in mean daily steps and achievement of step goals80
Healthcare system-based	Medical home model	Joint postpartum visits and 2-month well infant visits	GDM81	Joint scheduling of postpartum visit and 2-month well infant visits81	No difference in postpartum visit attendance, completion of OGTT, but small sample size and many participants actually were not jointly scheduled81
	Patient navigation	Barrier-focused, patient-centered intervention that offers support related to general postpartum health and T2D prevention	General population and GDM82,86	Patient navigator works with the patient to reduce barriers and create a postpartum care plan For patients with GDM: Assistance in scheduling and reminding patient of OGTT, assistance with T2D prevention lifestyle change86	Increase in postpartum attendance82 GDM-specific study is ongoing86
	Postpartum transition clinics	Specialized outpatient care clinics for individuals who had complicated pregnancies	HDP87,89	Creation of a Cardiometabolic Clinic that is a postpartum transition program led by an internal medicine clinician Home blood pressure monitoring with routine clinic review Discussions about nutrition, heart healthy lifestyle, cardiovascular disease risk, and importance of primary care Insurance reimbursement model	High postpartum visit Increase in the provision of blood pressure monitors

EHR, electronic health record; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; SMS, short message services; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; mHealth, mobile health; T2D, type 2 diabetes.