Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics between T2DM patients with and without CAD
| Characteristic | All | Patient with CAD | Patient without CAD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 229 | 146 | 83 | |
| Age (years) | 58.79 ± 9.32 | 60.36 ± 9.01 | 56.02 ± 9.27 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 139 (60.7) | 92 (63.0) | 47 (56.6) | 0.341 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.00 [23.68; 27.70] | 26.00 [23.60; 27.40] | 25.70 [23.80; 28.10] | 0.608 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 50 (21.8) | 28 (19.2) | 22 (26.5) | 0.197 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 51 (22.3) | 35 (24.0) | 16 (19.3) | 0.412 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 28 (12.2) | 21 (14.4) | 7 (8.4) | 0.186 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 142 (62.0) | 100 (68.5) | 42 (50.6) | 0.007 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 25 (10.9) | 22 (15.1) | 3 (3.6) | 0.008 |
| Family history, n (%) | 20 (8.7) | 15 (10.3) | 5 (6.0) | 0.274 |
| Time since T2DM diagnosis (years) | 7.00 [2.00; 12.25] | 10.00 [4.00; 15.00] | 3.00 [0.00; 8.00] | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 12 (5.2) | 9 (6.2) | 3 (3.6) | 0.405 |
| Statin, n (%) | 93 (40.6) | 60 (41.1) | 33 (39.8) | 0.843 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 108 (47.2) | 69 (47.3) | 39 (47.0) | 0.968 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 96 (41.9) | 59 (40.4) | 37 (44.6) | 0.539 |
| Oral antihyperglycemic drugs, n (%) | 195 (85.2) | 126 (86.3) | 69 (83.1) | 0.517 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.99 [0.87; 1.12] | 0.98 [0.86; 1.10] | 1.02 [0.91; 1.17] | 0.102 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 3.43 [3.01; 3.79] | 3.58 [3.09; 3.97] | 3.28 [2.77; 3.53] | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.28 [3.91; 6.00] | 5.44 [3.99; 6.17] | 4.66 [3.78; 5.78] | 0.031 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 1.86 [0.65; 2.80] | 0.83 [0.52; 2.72] | 2.09 [0.93; 2.87] | 0.003 |
| Fast glucose (mmol/L) | 9.60 [7.90; 12.21] | 10.20 [8.30; 12.70] | 8.80 [7.23; 11.28] | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.70 [6.80; 9.10] | 8.10 [7.40; 9.30] | 7.00 [6.33; 8.43] | < 0.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 132 (57.6) | 86 (58.9) | 46 (55.4) | 0.608 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 215 (93.9) | 137 (93.8) | 78 (94.0) | 0.966 |
| Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, n (%) | 175 (76.4) | 113 (77.4) | 62 (74.7) | 0.644 |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | 83 (36.2) | 54 (37.0) | 29 (34.9) | 0.757 |
| CACS | 28.69 [4.15; 127.07] | 70.68 [15.66; 224.41] | 7.48 [1.61; 24.60] | < 0.001 |
| PAT volume (mL) | 178.44 [135.41; 230.29] | 180.14 [138.64; 243.55] | 173.55 [131.60; 212.33] | 0.289 |
| CT-FFR | 0.83 [0.71; 0.90] | 0.75 [0.64; 0.85] | 0.90 [0.86; 0.94] | < 0.001 |
| DS (%) | 48.00 [22.00; 67.00] | 57.50 [34.00; 72.00] | 28.00 [0.00; 52.00] | < 0.001 |
| RCA-PCATA (HU) | − 84.13 ± 9.64 | − 80.94 ± 8.84 | − 89.75 ± 8.38 | < 0.001 |
| LAD-PCATA (HU) | − 82.90 ± 8.59 | − 80.50 [− 87.00; − 74.00] | − 86.00 [− 91.00; − 81.00] | < 0.001 |
| LCX-PCATA (HU) | − 80.00 [− 87.00; − 74.00] | − 78.68 ± 8.06 | − 84.00 ± 7.38 | < 0.001 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, median [25th and 75th percentile] or n (%). p values signify statistical significance and reflect the differences between patients with and without CAD. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 28 kg/m2
T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, CAD coronary artery disease, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, CACS coronary artery calcium score, PAT pericardial adipose tissue, CT-FFR computed tomography-based fractional flow reserve, DS diameter stenosis, PCATA pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation