Table 3.
Univariate Cox and stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis of risk factors for adverse clinical events in patients with HCM
| Parameters | Univariate analysis | Stepwise regression analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Baseline and clinical | ||||||
| Age at CMR scan (continuous) | 7.716 | (2.740, 21.723) | < 0.001*** | |||
| Age at CMR scan (threshold) | 1.096 | (1.042, 1.153) | < 0.001*** | |||
| Men, n, % | 0.530 | (0.530,0.209) | 0.182 | |||
| Family history, n, % | 0.844 | (0.300, 2.371) | 0.748 | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2(continuous) | 0.882 | (0.768, 1.011) | 0.072 | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2(threshold) | 2.745 | (1.081, 6.971) | 0.034* | |||
| Heart rate, beat/min (continuous) | 0.930 | (0.875, 0.988) | 0.020* | |||
| Heart rate, beat/min (threshold) | 3.986 | (1.442, 11.017) | 0.008** | 4.137 | (0.945, 18.112) | 0.059 |
| Hypertension, n, % | 1.380 | (0.518, 3.679) | 0.520 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus, n, % | 0.898 | (0.260, 3.105) | 0.865 | |||
| Smoking history n, % | 1.194 | (0.462, 3.083) | 0.714 | |||
| CAD, n, % | 0.957 | (0.313, 2.923) | 0.938 | |||
| LV parameters | ||||||
| Maximal LV thickness (continuous) | 1.017 | (0.950, 1.088) | 0.624 | |||
| Maximal LV thickness (threshold) | 2.304 | (0.912, 5.816) | 0.077 | |||
| LVEDVI (continuous) | 0.999 | (0.979, 1.019) | 0.918 | |||
| LVEDVI (threshold) | 1.397 | (0.554, 3.524) | 0.478 | |||
| LVESVI (continuous) | 1.006 | (0.989, 1.024) | 0.466 | |||
| LVESVI (threshold) | 3.488 | (1.335, 9.114) | 0.011* | |||
| LVEF (continuous) | 0.980 | (0.953, 1.008) | 0.167 | |||
| LVEF (threshold) | 2.788 | (1.093, 7.110) | 0.032* | |||
| LVSV (continuous) | 0.984 | (0.967, 1.000) | 0.047* | |||
| LVSV (threshold) | 3.102 | (1.161, 8.283) | 0.024* | 7.654 | (1.642, 35.682) | 0.010** |
| LVCO (continuous) | 0.720 | (0.566,0.916) | 0.008** | |||
| LVCO (threshold) | 3.677 | (1.424, 9.495) | 0.007** | |||
| LVM (continuous) | 1.001 | (0.995, 1.007) | 0.805 | |||
| LVM (threshold) | 1.394 | (0.540, 3.600) | 0.493 | |||
| LVMI (continuous) | 1.005 | (0.994, 1.016) | 0.387 | |||
| LVMI (threshold) | 2.132 | (0.841, 5.406) | 0.111 | |||
| LA volume and function | ||||||
| LA diameter (continuous) | 1.046 | (0.976, 1.120) | 0.204 | |||
| LA diameter (threshold) | 4.046 | (1.558, 10.506) | 0.004** | 4.981 | (1.223, 20.297) | 0.025** |
| LAV max, ml (continuous) | 1.021 | (1.004, 1.038) | 0.014* | |||
| LAV max, ml (threshold) | 4.680 | (1.069, 20.493) | 0.041* | |||
| LAV pre-ac (continuous) | 1.032 | (1.014, 1.051) | < 0.001*** | |||
| LAV pre-ac (threshold) | 6.248 | (2.050, 19.042) | 0.001** | 4.175 | (1.252,13.926) | 0.020** |
| LAV min (continuous) | 1.038 | (1.020, 1.055) | < 0.001*** | |||
| LAV min (threshold) | 5.299 | (1.879, 14.939) | 0.002** | |||
| Total LAEF (continuous) | 0.897 | (0.857,0.938) | < 0.001*** | |||
| Total LAEF (threshold) | 6.600 | (2.570, 16.950) | < 0.001*** | |||
| Passive LAEF (continuous) | 0.844 | (0.779,0.915) | < 0.001*** | |||
| Passive LAEF (threshold) | 10.198 | (3.957, 26.280) | < 0.001*** | 8.808 | (2.876, 26.980) | < 0.001*** |
| Active LAEF (continuous) | 0.919 | (0.877,0.964) | 0.001** | |||
| Active LAEF (threshold) | 5.666 | (2.099, 15.295) | 0.001** | |||
| LA strain | ||||||
| GLS reservoir (continuous) | 0.828 | (0.763,0.899) | < 0.001*** | |||
| GLS reservoir (threshold) | 9.155 | (3.295, 25.442) | < 0.001*** | |||
| GLS conduit (continuous) | 0.685 | (0.570,0.823) | < 0.001*** | |||
| GLS conduit (threshold) | 5.602 | (1.992, 15.750) | 0.001** | |||
| GLS booster (continuous) | 0.819 | (0.726, 0.925) | 0.001** | |||
| GLS booster (threshold) | 8.132 | (2.911, 22.712) | < 0.001*** | 8.936 | (1.951, 40.933) | 0.005** |
| GCS (continuous) | 0.881 | (0.825,0.940) | < 0.001*** | |||
| GCS (threshold) | 9.728 | (3.797, 24.925) | < 0.001*** | |||
| LA strain rate | ||||||
| SR reservoir (continuous) | 0.010 | (0.001, 0.108) | < 0.001*** | |||
| SR reservoir (threshold) | 4.147 | (1.620, 10.615) | 0.003** | |||
| SR conduit (continuous) | 0.005 | (0,0.071) | < 0.001*** | |||
| SR conduit (threshold) | 6.149 | (2.427, 15.582) | < 0.001*** | |||
| SR booster (continuous) | 0.053 | (0.013,0.220) | < 0.001*** | |||
| SR booster (threshold) | 7.062 | (2.620, 19.031) | < 0.001*** | |||
HR, hazard ratio; CAD, Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease; LV, left ventricular; EDVI, end-diastolic volume index; ESVI, end-systolic volume index; EF, ejection fraction; SV, stroke volume; CO, cardiac output; M, myocardial mass; MI, myocardial mass index; LA, left atrium; LAV, left atrial volume; LAEF, left atrial ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinalstrain; GCS, global circumferential strain; SR, strain rate
“*”, “**”, and “***” reflect that the difference between groups is statistically significant
“*” represents p < 0.05; “**” represents p < 0.01; “***” represents p < 0.001