Table 2:
Candidate gene studies showing DNAm changes in relation to social exposures
| Timing of DNAm measure (associated gene symbol) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES/SEP-associated domain | Timing of exposure | Birth | Childhood | Adulthood |
| Composite score | Prenatal | ‘Cord’: King et al., 2015 (IGF2a, H19a, MEG3a) [63]; ‘Placenta’: Appleton et al., 2013 (HSD11B2) [64] |
‘Buccal’: Piyasena et al., 2016 (IGF2a; FKBP5) [65] | |
| Childhood | ‘Adipose tissue’: Loucks et al., 2016 [69] (ASN, STAT3 and TMEM88 in females, and NRN1 in males) | |||
| Adulthood | ‘Blood’: Jones-Mason et al., 2016 (SLC6A4) [70], Simons et al., 2017 (OXTR) [71] ‘Saliva’: Swift-Scalan et al., 2014 (COMT) [72] |
|||
| Maternal education | Birth | ‘Blood’: Huang, 2016 (HSD11B2) [73] | ||
| Childhood | ‘Blood’: Obermann-Borst et al., 2012 (INSIGF) [66], Obermann-Borst et al., 2013 (LEP) [67] | ‘Blood’: Needham, 2015 [27] (4 out of 7 stress-related genes (AVP, BDNF, FKBP5, and OXTR) and 3 out of 11 inflammation-related genes (CCL1, CD1D, and F8) | ||
| Neighborhood disadvantage | Prenatal | ‘Cord’: King et al., 2015 (MEG3a) | ||
| Childhood | ‘Buccal’: Wrigglesworth et al., 2019 (BDNF) [68] | |||
| Adulthood | ‘Blood’: Smith et al., 2017 [28] (2 out of 7 stress-related genes evaluated (CRF, SLC6A4) and 2 out of 11 inflammation-related genes (F8, TLR1) | |||
| Adult educational attainment | Adulthood | ‘Blood’: Needham et al., 2015 [27] (2 out of 7 stress-related genes (AVP and SLC6A4) and 5 out of 11 inflammation-related genes (CD1D, F8, KLRG1, NLRP12, and TLR3); de Rooij et al., 2012 [74] (GR 1-C) |
||
| Adult occupational position | Adulthood | ‘Blood’: Stringhini et al., 2015 (NFATC1, PTGS2, CXCL2, ADM, IL1A, GPR132, MAP2K, TNFRSF11A, OLR1) [31] | ||
Papers were chosen using the following EMBASE search keywords, with selection of papers that included (i) an SEP indicator, (ii) measured DNAm, and (iii) association results between them. Example keywords: “‘dna methylation’/exp OR ‘dna hypermethylation’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘dna hypomethylation’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘methylated deoxyribonucleic acid’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘methylated dna’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘dna methylation’:ab, ti, kw”; “‘social status’/exp OR ‘social condition*’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social economic status’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social importance’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social rank’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social standing’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social state’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘socioeconomic status’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘socioeconomic status’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘socioeconomic position’:ab, ti, kw”; “‘biological marker’/exp OR ‘biological marker*’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘biomarker*’:ab, ti, kw.”
Imprinted genes.