Table 3:

Global methylation studies showing DNAm changes in relation to social exposures

		Timing of DNAm measure
SES/SEP-associated domain	Timing of exposure	Birth	Childhood	Adolescence	Adulthood
Neighborhood-level deprivation	Prenatal	‘Cord’: Coker et al., 2018 (DNAm of LINE-1 and Alu repeat elements) [75]
No association with SES/SEP measures	Prenatal		‘Blood’: Herbstman et al., 2013 (% Global DNAm) [76]
Maternal education	Childhood		‘Blood’: Perng et al., 2012 (DNAm of LINE-1 elements) [77]		‘Blood’: Tehranifar et al., 2013 (Sat-2 elements) [78]
Family income	Childhood				‘Blood’: Tehranifar et al., 2013 (Sat-2 elements) [78]
Adult wealth	Adulthood				‘Blood’: Subramanyam et al., 2013 (DNAm of LINE-1 and Alu elements) [79]
Adult income					‘Blood’: Tehranifar et al., 2013 (DNAm of LINE-1 elements) [78]
Composite score education, occupation, neighborhood-level deprivation	Adulthood				‘Blood’: McGuinness et al., 2012 (global DNAm) [30]

Papers were chosen using the following EMBASE search keywords, with selection of papers that included: (i) an SEP indicator, (ii) measured DNAm, and (iii) association results between them. Example keywords: “‘dna methylation’/exp OR ‘dna hypermethylation’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘dna hypomethylation’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘methylated deoxyribonucleic acid’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘methylated dna’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘dna methylation’:ab, ti, kw”; “‘social status’/exp OR ‘social condition*’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social economic status’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social importance’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social rank’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social standing’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘social state’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘socioeconomic status’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘socioeconomic status’:ab, ti, kw”; “‘biological marker’/exp OR ‘biological marker*’:ab, ti, kw OR ‘biomarker*’:ab, ti, kw.”