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. 2023 Jan 23;13(5):3306–3316. doi: 10.1039/d2ra07458c

Effect of germination of flaxseed on phytosterol content of extracted oil^a^,^b.

Flaxseed varieties	Germination time (day)	Phytosterol (mg kg⁻¹)
Flaxseed varieties	Germination time (day)	Campesterol	Stigmasterol	β-Sitosterol	Δ-5-Avenasterol	Cycloartenol	24-Methylene cycloartanol	Total phytosterols
IM	0	273.27 ± 11.29^bc	229.91 ± 13.22^d	499.25 ± 1.28^a	190.97 ± 1.75^a	461.61 ± 18.12^a	104.57 ± 3.90^b	1759.59 ± 9.27^b
	1	253.55 ± 1.20^c	183.78 ± 9.48^e	448.75 ± 11.95^c	165.58 ± 0.85^b	432.71 ± 24.26 ^ab	98.39 ± 5.39^b	1582.75 ± 53.14^d
	2	256.37 ± 8.11^c	248.60 ± 8.29^d	447.36 ± 1.41^c	158.76 ± 0.75^b	428.81 ± 9.67 ^ab	102.18 ± 4.07^b	1642.07 ± 32.30 ^cd
	3	281.13 ± 15.21 ^ab	311.17 ± 21.03^c	447.64 ± 14.35^c	145.66 ± 6.44^c	425.14 ± 12.88^b	100.77 ± 3.52^b	1711.51 ± 73.43^bc
	4	298.42 ± 2.86^a	361.86 ± 1.42^b	455.71 ± 5.87^bc	149.28 ± 0.06^c	411.33 ± 0.43^b	102.89 ± 0.99^b	1779.49 ± 9.53^b
	5	295.14 ± 2.66^a	436.39 ± 15.82^a	472.14 ± 7.25^b	158.72 ± 2.23^b	424.73 ± 1.98^b	116.68 ± 1.73^a	1903.79 ± 28.21^a
GS	0	429.94 ± 12.20^b	200.52 ± 0.10^e	543.21 ± 9.91 ^ab	191.02 ± 1.28^a	400.39 ± 4.97^a	113.99 ± 0.89^a	1879.07 ± 29.34^b
	1	432.63 ± 25.32^b	178.73 ± 6.75^d	606.58 ± 8.20^a	161.11 ± 0.08^b	377.48 ± 24.43 ^ab	104.24 ± 2.61^b	1860.76 ± 53.73^b
	2	307.83 ± 15.89^c	207.46 ± 3.39^d	466.32 ± 4.64^b	146.56 ± 0.41^c	380.79 ± 5.02 ^ab	101.41 ± 2.74^b	1610.37 ± 0.50^d
	3	308.85 ± 3.63^c	263.87 ± 2.92^c	473.57 ± 7.42^b	143.30 ± 2.73^c	381.88 ± 9.13 ^ab	101.47 ± 2.93^b	1672.95 ± 28.76 ^cd
	4	315.56 ± 5.40^c	310.28 ± 9.54^b	512.54 ± 75.74^b	133.50 ± 2.64^d	364.68 ± 4.82^bc	101.69 ± 1.66^b	1738.24 ± 51.67^c
	5	475.34 ± 4.34^a	411.15 ± 5.58^a	620.90 ± 2.27^a	145.51 ± 0.77^c	342.14 ± 8.18^c	113.36 ± 0.29^a	2108.41 ± 1.60^a
KZ	0	435.31 ± 12.56 ^ab	316.06 ± 3.04^d	583.93 ± 8.85^a	160.11 ± 1.19^a	358.95 ± 7.43^a	129.33 ± 3.59^a	1983.69 ± 21.80^b
	1	415.11 ± 0.68^bc	291.39 ± 1.87^e	559.21 ± 4.68^b	148.73 ± 0.73^b	355.52 ± 6.04 ^ab	122.79 ± 0.26 ^ab	1892.73 ± 2.09 ^cd
	2	399.32 ± 12.36^c	319.42 ± 2.48^d	532.57 ± 0.19^c	139.87 ± 0.18^c	363.30 ± 13.11^a	116.02 ± 8.93 ^ab	1870.50 ± 18.65^d
	3	405.89 ± 15.43^c	359.64 ± 7.87^c	505.61 ± 9.14^d	134.69 ± 0.08^d	343.92 ± 0.05^abc	117.83 ± 0.58 ^ab	1867.57 ± 31.81^d
	4	426.33 ± 13.12^abc	442.32 ± 3.23^b	519.49 ± 14.02 ^cd	134.28 ± 3.06^d	327.75 ± 12.00^c	110.72 ± 14.06^b	1960.88 ± 59.50^bc
	5	451.94 ± 7.31^a	513.97 ± 6.03^a	527.62 ± 4.29^c	140.70 ± 2.35^c	335.77 ± 5.58^bc	121.35 ± 2.52 ^ab	2091.36 ± 28.09^a

^a

Results are means ± SD of triplicate determinations.

^b

Column values in the same flaxseed variety with different lowercased letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).