Fig. 7. User autonomy in DNA synthesis.

DNA synthesis technologies plotted versus complexity levels of the current offerings (left axis) by different companies who develop these methods and versus user autonomy (deskilling) that these companies offer (right axis), from expert involvement to complete autonomy for the end user. For example, template-independent enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis (TiOES) is the basic technology for DNA Script who offer customized and multiple sequences, while integrating automation into their synthesis workflows, which results in the development of benchtop DNA printers that the end user can buy and use with a minimum expert involvement. Gibson, Gibson assembly approaches; POS, phosphoramidite oligonucleotide synthesis; RCA, rolling circle amplification.