Baseline characteristics of participants concerning sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle features categorized by sex.
| All (n = 267) | Men (n = 153) | Women (n = 114) | p-Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.8 (5.1) | 64.6 (5.4) | 67.5 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 32.2 (3.4) | 31.8 (3.1) | 32.8 (3.7) | 0.021 |
| Hypertension (%) | 252 (94.4) | 144 (94.1) | 108 (94.7) | 0.828 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 100 (37.5) | 61 (39.9) | 39 (34.2) | 0.345 |
| Glucose (mg dL−1) | 119.3 (32.7) | 120.9 (35.0) | 117.3 (29.4) | 0.385 |
| Insulin (mIU L−1) | 14.0 (9.0) | 13.0 (7.1) | 15.5 (10.9) | 0.025 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.2 (3.2) | 3.9 (2.4) | 4.6 (4.2) | 0.065 |
| Total cholesterol (mg dL−1) | 200.3 (36.5) | 192.2 (34.2) | 211.3 (36.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg dL−1) | 148.0 (61.9) | 151.1 (69.0) | 144.0 (50.9) | 0.355 |
| ALT (U L−1) | 28.0 (20.6) | 31.2 (24.5) | 23.8 (12.3) | 0.004 |
| AST (U L−1) | 23.7 (13.4) | 25.2 (16.3) | 21.8 (7.3) | 0.043 |
| GGT (U L−1) | 42.0 (41.0) | 44.9 (41.5) | 38.3 (40.2) | 0.193 |
| AISI index | 270.8 (385.5) | 249.8 (270.3) | 299.1 (500.6) | 0.306 |
| SII index | 381.0 (182.3) | 374.8 (180.7) | 389.3 (184.9) | 0.523 |
| Alcohol intake (g d−1) | 12.8 (17.6) | 19.7 (19.8) | 3.6 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Leisure time physical activity (MET min per week) | 3104 (2753) | 3690 (3101) | 2316 (1953) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (g d−1) | 2609 (538) | 2689 (535) | 2500 (526) | 0.004 |
| Adherence to MedDietb | 8.9 (2.5) | 8.8 (2.4) | 9.0 (2.5) | 0.448 |
| Total fruits (g d−1) | 425.5 (221.6) | 407.3 (221.6) | 450.0 (220.4) | 0.120 |
| Total vegetables (g d−1) | 333.6 (124.5) | 318.2 (123.0) | 354.1 (124.0) | 0.020 |
| Citrus fruit (g d−1) | 151.4 (125.5) | 144.1 (127.2) | 161.2 (123.0) | 0.269 |
| Whole wheat bread (g d−1) | 55.2 (92.2) | 50.6 (97.3) | 61.4 (85.0) | 0.345 |
| Total nuts (g d−1) | 15.0 (18.1) | 15.6 (18.1) | 14.3 (18.2) | 0.549 |
| Coffee intake (g d−1) | 37.2 (51.4) | 42.8 (52.0) | 29.7 (49.7) | 0.040 |
| Total red wine (g d−1) | 61.2 (105.7) | 91.3 (120.8) | 20.7 (61.8) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Cholesterol-lowering treatment (%) | 117 (43.8) | 67 (43.8) | 50 (43.9) | 0.991 |
| Any anti-diabetic treatment (%) | 69 (25.8) | 43 (28.1) | 26 (22.8) | 0.328 |
| Smoking habits (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 105 (39.3) | 29 (19.0) | 77(66.7) | |
| Former smoker | 125 (46.8) | 97 (63.4) | 28 (24.6) | |
| Current smoker | 37 (13.9) | 27 (17.6) | 10 (8.8) | |
a
p for differences between sexes.
b
Mediterranean dietary score from 0 to 17 points. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; AISI, aggregate index of systemic inflammation; SII, systemic inflammation index; MET, metabolic equivalent; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet. AISI index = ((neutrophils × monocytes × platelets)/lymphocytes); SII index = ((neutrophils × platelets)/lymphocytes).