Table 2. Mean serum concentrations (μM) of biogenic amines determined by DI-MS in overweight cats (n = 14) receiving control (no additional choline supplementation, 1.2 x NRC RA, 77 mg/kg BW0.67), choline at 2 x NRC RA (126 mg/kg BW0.67), 4 x NRC RA (252 mg/kg BW0.67), 6 x NRC RA (378 mg/kg BW0.67), and 8 x NRC RA (504 mg/kg BW0.67), in a 5 x 5 Latin square design for 3-week periods.
| Choline Dose | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biogenic Amines | Control | 2 x NRC RA | 4 x NRC RA | 6 X NRC RA | 8 X NRC RA | PDose |
| Acetylornithine | 109.27 ± 13.99 | 102.41 ± 13.88 | 104.15 ± 13.80 | 99.80 ± 13.80 | 95.02 ± 13.80 | 0.482 |
| Alpha amino adipic acid | 1.37 ± 0.14 | 1.46 ± 0.14 | 1.39 ± 0.14 | 1.48 ± 0.14 | 1.37 ± 0.14 | 0.867 |
| Asymmetric dimethylarginine | 1.10 ± 0.05 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.13 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 0.570 |
| Carnosine | 38.36 ± 5.46 | 38.05 ± 5.40 | 41.70 ± 5.35 | 45.45 ± 5.35 | 45.62 ± 5.35 | 0.080 |
| Creatinine | 132.81 ± 6.66 | 133.61 ± 6.44 | 136.63 ± 6.25 | 152.24 ± 6.25 | 140.72 ± 6.25 | 0.083 |
| Histamine | 0.086 ± 0.01 | 0.092 ± 0.01 | 0.092 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.303 |
| Kynurenine | 9.47 ± 0.50 | 9.12 ± 0.49 | 9.08 ± 0.48 | 9.34 ± 0.48 | 9.13 ± 0.48 | 0.893 |
| Methionine sulfoxide | 5.33 ± 0.41 | 5.13 ± 0.40 | 5.91 ± 0.39 | 6.12 ± 0.39 | 5.18 ± 0.39 | 0.020 |
| Putrescine | 1.06 ± 0.09b | 1.16 ± 0.09ab | 1.25 ± 0.08ab | 1.35 ± 0.08ab | 1.42 ± 0.08a | 0.009 |
| Sarcosine | 5.55 ± 0.49b | 6.18 ± 0.47b | 8.04 ± 0.46a | 8.35 ± 0.46a | 8.32 ± 0.46a | < 0.0001 |
| Serotonin | 28.50 ± 4.62 | 26.88 ± 4.49 | 29.77 ± 4.38 | 34.84 ± 4.38 | 35.09 ± 4.38 | 0.307 |
| Spermidine | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.659 |
| Spermine | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.437 |
| Total dimethylarginine | 4.53 ± 0.22 | 4.63 ± 0.22 | 4.61 ± 0.22 | 4.72 ± 0.22 | 4.78 ± 0.22 | 0.761 |
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | 39.03 ± 2.29 | 39.70 ± 2.22 | 44.40 ± 2.16 | 44.51 ± 2.16 | 39.36 ± 2.16 | 0.046 |
| Trimethylamine n-oxide | 3.30 ± 6.52c | 9.56 ± 6.28c | 37.56 ± 6.06b | 59.79 ± 6.06ab | 77.42 ± 6.06a | < 0.0001 |
| Tyramine | 0.085 ± 0.006 | 0.074 ± 0.006 | 0.079 ± 0.006 | 0.080 ± 0.006 | 0.083 ± 0.006 | 0.298 |
| Total biogenic amines | 382.54 ± 17.35b | 378.35 ± 17.27b | 425.36 ± 17.07ab | 470.06 ± 16.48a | 463.67 ± 17.05a | < 0.0001 |
Values expressed as LSM ± SEM; Values in a row with superscripts without a common letter differ; P < 0.05, Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. DI-MS = direct infusion mass spectrometry; BW = body weight; NRC = National Research Council; RA = Recommended Allowance