Skip to main content
. 2023 Jan 9;9:1072056. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1072056

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Anti-inflammatory properties of PFEA and its active compounds on cytokines releases upon Spike S1-induced inflammation in A549 cells. A549 cells were pre-treated with PFEA (A–C), at the concentration of 0–100 μg/mL or active compounds (D–F), rosmarinic acid and luteolin, at the concentration of 0–20 μg/mL for 24 h. The cells were then exposed to Spike S1 (100 ng/mL) for 3 h. The IL-6, IL-1beta, and IL-18 releases into the culture supernatant were examined by ELISA. The Spike S1-exposed A549 cells are presented as 100%. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. values of three independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. the Spike-exposed control group. ap < 0.05 vs. rosmarinic acid at the same concentration.