FIGURE 3.

Anti-inflammatory properties of PFEA and its active compounds on IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and NLRP3 gene expressions upon Spike S1-exposed A549 cells. A549 cells were pre-treated with PFEA (A–D) at concentration of 0–100 μg/mL and or active compounds (E–H), rosmarinic acid and luteolin, at concentration of 0–20 μg/mL for 24 h. The cells were then exposed to Spike S1 (100 ng/mL) for 3 h. The mRNA expressions were determined using RT-qPCR. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. values of three independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. the Spike S1-exposed A549 cells. ^ap < 0.05 vs. rosmarinic acid at the same concentration.