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. 2022 Dec 23;324(2):H212–H225. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00490.2022

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

DFX recovered stroke-induced sensorimotor deficits in both diabetic and control female rats and improved cognitive function after stroke in diabetic animals. Treatment (DFX), disease (diabetes), time, and sex effects are indicated by #, ^, *, and $ signs, respectively. Any interaction is indicated by a letter. A: composite score was lower in diabetes vehicle animals on both days 3 and 14, and DFX treatment enhanced recovery in both control and diabetic groups (*P < 0.0001 vs. day 3, ^P = 0.001 vs. C, #P < 0.0001 vs. Veh). B: ART results showed that DFX-mediated improvement was more significant in diabetic animals on day 3, whereas deficits remained high in diabetes vehicle animals by day 14 (*P = 0.07 vs. day 3, ^P = 0.04 vs. C, #P = 0.0005 vs. Veh). C and D: NOR test indicated a disease and treatment interaction such that DFX improved recognition index (RI) and discrimination index (d2) only in diabetic animals (aP = 0.02). E: female animals in both control and diabetic cohorts had lower RI at baseline ($P < 0.0001 vs. M). RI was lower in diabetic rats compared with control rats (^P < 0.0001 vs. C). F: poststroke RI was lower in diabetic animals (^P < 0.0001 vs. C). DFX lowered RI in both female and male control animals, whereas it improved RI in diabetic cohorts (interaction, bP < 0.01). There was also a sex effect with RI being lower in control, as well as in diabetic female vehicle- and DFX-treated rats than male counterparts ($P < 0.001 vs. M). Results are shown as means ± SE and scattered graphs with individual data points. Male animal results were cited from previous publication (8). For A, B, and F, three-way ANOVA was used. For C, D, and E, two-way ANOVA analyses were performed. ART, adhesive removal test; C, control; D, diabetes; DFX, deferoxamine; F, female; M, male; NOR, novel object recognition; Veh, vehicle.