Table 1.
Clinical, echocardiographic and MRI characteristics
| Variable | Total population (n = 100) |
Group 1 (n = 27) |
Group 2 (n = 21) |
Group 3 (n = 52) |
p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | |||||
| Age (year) | 46 ± 14 | 30 ± 4 | 45 ± 13† | 55 ± 9†§ | < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 60.0% | 55.6% | 66.7% | 59.6% | 0.74 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 6.6 | 22.0 ± 1.8 | 30.3 ± 6.1† | 32.6 ± 5.4† | < 0.001 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.94 ± 0.11 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.13† | 1.01 ± 0.07† | < 0.001 |
| Active smoking | 10% | 0% | 0% | 19.2%†§ | 0.006 |
| Hypertension | 35% | 0% | 0% | 67.3%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 66 ± 12 | 63 ± 10 | 59 ± 9 | 70 ± 13§ | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 18 | 127 ± 9 | 131 ± 16 | 142 ± 20† | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 10 | 78 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 | 82 ± 11 | 0.19 |
| RPP (beats/min.mmHg) | 8860 ± 1979 | 7958 ± 1395 | 7733 ± 1362 | 9866 ± 2045†§ | < 0.001 |
| Medications | |||||
| Antiplatelet | 22.0% | 0% | 0% | 42.3%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Beta blockers | 18.0% | 0% | 0% | 34.6%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 10.0% | 0% | 0% | 19.2%†§ | 0.006 |
| ACEI/ARB | 31.0% | 0% | 0% | 59.6%†§ | < 0.001 |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | 33.0% | 0% | 0% | 63.5%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Metformin | 42.0% | 0% | 0% | 80.8%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Sulphonylurea | 13.0% | 0% | 0% | 25.0%†§ | 0.001 |
| DPP4 inhibitors | 9.0% | 0% | 0% | 17.3%†§ | 0.010 |
| GLP1 receptor agonist | 2.0% | 0% | 0% | 3.8% | 0.39 |
| Insulin | 15.0% | 0% | 0% | 28.8%†§ | < 0.001 |
| Biochemical | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 0.15 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2†§ | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.6† | 2.0 ± 0.9†§ | < 0.001 |
| Plasma TG (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 3.1†§ | < 0.001 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0 ± 4.1 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 10.7 ± 4.0†§ | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 142 ± 14 | 143 ± 14 | 148 ± 14 | 139 ± 13 | 0.07 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 1.6†§ | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 7.7 ± 10.7 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 1.2† | 10.4 ± 11.7†§ | < 0.001 |
| High-sensitivity CRP (mg/L) | 2.8 ± 3.6 | 1.2 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 4.1†§ | 0.007 |
| Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | |||||
| LV mass (g) | 95 ± 28 | 78 ± 17 | 87 ± 21 | 99 ± 29 | 0.001 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 162 ± 34 | 167 ± 35 | 173 ± 31 | 161 ± 36 | 0.40 |
| LVESV (mL) | 75 ± 21 | 74 ± 16 | 79 ± 18 | 75 ± 22 | 0.68 |
| LVEF (%) | 54 ± 5 | 55 ± 3 | 55 ± 5 | 54 ± 6 | 0.52 |
| LV-myoFat fraction (%) | 7.3 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 0.9† | 8.4 ± 2.3†§ | < 0.001 |
| Total LV-myoFat volume (mL) | 7.9 ± 4.4 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.6† | 9.6 ± 4.3†§ | < 0.001 |
| ECV-fraction (%) | 28.7 ± 2.6 | 27.0 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 1.1 | 29.2 ± 3.0†§ | 0.03 |
| Total interstitial volume (mL) | 25.7 ± 8.0 | 18.6 ± 5.3 | 23.1 ± 5.5 | 27.8 ± 8.2† | 0.002 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Transmitral E/A ratio | 1.36 ± 0.68 | 1.95 ± 0.77 | 1.53 ± 0.68 | 0.97 ± 0.26†§ | < 0.001 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 184 ± 46 | 167 ± 28 | 173 ± 41 | 196 ± 52† | 0.01 |
| Septal E’ velocity (cm/s) | 9.0 ± 3.7 | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 10.0 ± 2.8† | 6.2 ± 1.5†§ | < 0.001 |
| Septal E/e’ | 9.1 ± 3.6 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 2.1† | 11.3 ± 3.3†§ | < 0.001 |
| LV-GLS (%) | -17.2 ± 2.6 | -19.6 ± 1.8 | -18.0 ± 2.0† | -15.7 ± 2.1†§ | < 0.001 |
*p value by one-way ANOVA; †p < 0.05 vs. Group 1 with Bonferroni correction; §p < 0.05 vs. Group 2 with Bonferroni correction. ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; CRP: c-reactive protein; DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; ECV: extracellular volume; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; GLP1: glucagon-like peptide 1; GLS: global longitudinal strain; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment index of insulin resistance; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LV: left ventricular; LV-myoFat: left ventricular myocardial fat content; RPP: rate pressure product; TG: triglyceride.