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. 2023 Jan 23;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41526-023-00248-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The flowchart of the 3D ovarian follicle culture in RCCS. The follicles were seeded into a Matrigel droplet to support their growth. b, c Tracing the growth of ovarian follicles in the NG and the SMG groups in vitro (b), showing comparable developmental dynamics of follicles in the SMG groups (n = 48) compared to that in the NG group (n = 60) (c). Day 0: p value = 0.13. Day 1: p value = 0.43. Day 2: p value = 0.076. Scale bars: 100 μm. d The ratio of antral formation in the cultured follicles under different conditions, showing no significant changes of antral forming proportions of cultured follicles in the SMG group (n = 65) compared to that in the NG group (n = 73). p value = 0.98. Representative images are shown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test and n.s. P ≥ 0.05.