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. 2023 Jan 23;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41526-023-00248-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Relative mRNA levels of Gdf9, Bmp15, and Fgf8 under the SMG or the NG group, showing a decreased expression of OSFs in the SMG group (n = 4). Gdf9: p value = 0.0081, Bmp15: p value = 0.0032, Fgf8: p value = 0.021. b Relative mRNA levels of Fscn1 and Myo10 under the SMG or the NG group, showing that the expression of GC-TZP forming related genes was downregulated after SMG treatment (n = 4). Fscn1: p value = 0.025, Myo10: p value = 0.021. c Supplying GDF9 increased the PB1 ratio of oocytes (red arrowheads) from SMG treated follicles. Scale bars, 100 μm. d The ratio of PB1 in different groups, showing that the GDF9 supplement significantly increased the maturation of oocytes (n = 38 in NG, n = 35 in SMG and n = 61 in SMG + GDF9). NG v.s. SMG: p value = 0.00021, SMG v.s. SMG + GDF9: p value = 0.021. Representative images of oocytes are shown. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test in (a, b) and two-way ANOVA in (d). n.s. P ≥ 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.