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. 2023 Jan 23;6:93. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04471-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Phylum-level distribution of the 8053 organisms within our analyzed database. b Distribution of the number of different mtDNA genes per taxonomic class, colored by phylum. Black dots represent the number of non-tRNA genes; whiskers correspond to the 95% confidence interval range. The grey and black vertical lines highlight the number of mtDNA genes in humans, with or without tRNA genes, respectively. c Percentage of organisms within each phylum that lack an mtDNA-encoded ATP8. d Percentage of organisms within each phylum that contain the human mtDNA-encoded tRNA gene set, termed here ‘full set’, in the Y axis (i.e., 22 tRNA genes). e Summary statistics of codon bias analysis. Each stacked bar shows the percentage of amino acids with two or more possible codons which display either: Significant bias towards mtDNA codons (orange), a significant tendency towards nuclear DNA codons (blue), or nonsignificant (grey). X axis—phyla analyzed. See also Supplementary Data S3 and Supplementary Data S4 for raw data (https://figshare.com/projects/Shtolz_2022_mtDNA_evolutionary_rearrangements/156008).