TABLE 1.

Characteristics of healthy and T2DM rats at different stages of the disease.

Stages	Early onset		Established		Chronic
Groups	Healthy	T2DM	Healthy	T2DM	Healthy	T2DM
Body weight (g)	689 ± 14	511 ± 13*	714 ± 44	475 ± 25*	594 ± 35	461 ± 24*
Triceps Muscle weight (g)	4.6 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.1*	3.7 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.2*	3.5 ± 0.1	2.7 ± 0.1*
Fasted blood glucose (mg/dl)	81 ± 5	436 ± 32*	88 ± 3	366 ± 51*	88 ± 4	378 ± 50*
HbA1c (%)	4.4 ± 0.1	12.9 ± 0.1*	4.7 ± 0.4	12.2 ± 0.4*	4.5 ± 0.1	12.5 ± 0.3*
Insulin (ng/ml)	0.64 ± 0.13	0.33 ± 0.05*	1.15 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.11	0.77 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.06*

Values are means ± SE; Student’s one tailed t-test for glucose and HbA1c group comparisons within each stage; Student’s two tailed t-test for body weight, triceps muscle weight, and insulin group comparisons within each stage. (*) significantly different from the age-matched healthy rats, p < 0.05.