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Schematic of the residual CNN structure. Inputs are either cropped images or bone-segmented images, and outputs are BMD estimates. When the residual block reduces the size of the feature map, the self-replicating stream has down-sampling using the 1 × 1 convolution with a stride of two. The meanings of the abbreviations are as follows: Conv, convolutional layer; BN, batch normalization; s, strides; c, channel of convolutional layer, and u, number of units.
