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. 2023 Jan 10;13:950314. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950314

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Ptx reduces cytokine production and glial cell activation in the spinal cord. Ptx (4.5 mg/kg dose; i.p.) inhibits intense acute swimming–induced (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-1β, and (C) IL-10 protein levels; (D) Gfap, (E) Iba1, and (F) Cx3cr1 mRNA expression; and GFAP (G,H) and (G,I) Iba-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the spinal cord. Boundaries of dorsal horn laminae (I–V) were delineated to better clarify the regions of staining. An illustration of the spinal cord in the right denotes the areas in which staining was quantified during the experiments. Results are presented as picograms per 100 mg of the spinal cord for cytokines, as the spinal cord mRNA fold-change normalized to β-actin for glial markers mRNA expression (n = 6 mice per group per experiment and is representative of two independent experiments), and as fluorescence intensity for glial protein expression (n = 4 mice per group per experiment and is representative of two independent experiments; scale bars: 100 µm for the inserts). *p < .05 when compared with control groups, #p < .05 when compared with Veh group (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc).