Figure 2.

Mechanisms of nicotine on autoimmune diseases. It seems that treatment of patients with various autoimmune diseases with nicotine suppresses inflammatory pathways and ultimately improves and relieves the symptoms of these diseases. As shown in the figure, the effects of nicotine on patients with multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Behçet’s disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis have been studied and various methods of reducing inflammation by nicotine in these patients have been shown. Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor; T.reg, T regulatory; Th, T helper; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.