TABLE 1.
The targeting and functional effects of biomaterials constructed for nanoagents for AP treatment.
| Targeting category | Materials | Formulation | Loaded agents | Purpose of constructed biomaterials | Delivery route | Model | Main results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive (ELVIS effect, enzyme response) | Silk fibrin | Nanoparticles | Bilirubin | Carrier | Intravenous injection | L-Arginine induced rat model | Bilirubin-loaded silk fibrin nanoparticles prevented NF-kappa B pathway and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses | Yao et al. (2020) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect) | The nanoliposomes were prepared by thin layer evaporation technique, and L-α-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol were mainly used | Liposomes | Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) | Carrier | Oral delivery | L-ornithine induced rat model | The CAPE-loaded nanoliposomes decreased the pancreatic secretions, oxidative stress, local inflammation, tissue apoptosis, and impaired energy status for the treatment of pancreatitis | Shahin et al. (2022) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect) | PLGA | Nanoparticles | Curcumin | Carrier | Intravenous injection | Cerulein induced rat model | Cur-loaded nanoparticles significantly decreased serum amylase and lipase levels, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines | Anchi et al. (2018) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect) | Rebaudioside A (RA) | Micelles | Empagliflozin (EMP) | Carrier | Oral delivery | L-Arginine induced rat model | The RA-EMP micelles performed the therapeutic effects towards AP by suppressing oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines | Li et al. (2022) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect, Bionic targeting) | PEG-PLGA coated with neutrophil membranes | Nanoparticles | Celastrol | Carrier, to drive to the inflammation site via chemokine recruitment | Intravenous injection | Sodium taurocholate induced rat model | The composite reduced serum amylase levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited systematic side effects | Zhou et al. (2019) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect, pH response) | Silica | Nanoparticles | Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) | Carrier | Intraperitoneally injection | Cerulein induced rat model | The COSs-loaded silica nanoparticles can activate Nrf2 and suppress NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome for ameliorating AP. | Mei et al. (2020) |
| Passive (oxidant response) | Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) | Nanoparticles | _ | Performing direct antioxidant activity | Intraperitoneally injection | Cerulein induced rat model | The nanocomposite decreased oxidative stress and attenuated the mitochondrial stress and inflammatory markers | Khurana et al. (2019) |
| Passive (ELVIS effect, Bionic targeting, enzyme response) | Neutrophil membrane-coated silk fibroin (SF)-nanoparticles | Nanoparticles | Ferulic acid (FA) | Carrier | Intravenous injection | Not mentioned | The nanoparticles can targeted deliver FA to inflammatory pancreas lesion and perform anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects | Hassanzadeh et al. (2021) |
| Passive (Bionic targeting, enzyme response) | PLGA nanoparticles coated with macrophage (MΦ) membrane modified with melittin and MJ-33 | Nanoparticles | _ | Lure and kill PLA2 enzymes | Intravenous injection | Cerulein induced rat model | These nanoparticles can suppress PLA2 activity and preventing inflammatory responses, therefore decreasing tissue damage in pancreas | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| Active targeting | Peptide-conjugated pegylated DOPC liposomes | Liposomes | Apigenin | Carrier, active target through specific peptide | Intravenous injection | Cerulein induced rat model | Increasing the apigenin accumulation in pancreas for performing acini preservation and reducing oxidative stress | Hung et al. (2021) |
| _ | Prussian blue nanozymes were prepared by polyvinylpyrrolidone modification method | Nanoparticles | _ | To drive intrinsic ROS scavenging and inflammation inhibiting properties | Intravenous injection | Cerulein induced rat model | Prussian blue nanozymes inhibited toll-like receptors (TLRs)/NF-κB signaling pathway, thus decreasing the inflammation responses and oxidative stress for AP treatment | Zhang et al. (2022c) |
| _ | Generation 5 (G5) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with two different surface groups, G4.5-COOH and G5-OH | Dendrimers | _ | Performing anti-inflammatory effects | Intravenous injection | Cerulein induced rat model | G4.5-COOH and G5-OH inhibited decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing nuclear translocation of NF-κB in macrophages | Tang et al. (2015) |
| _ | Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids | Nanoparticles | _ | Suppressing inflammation and preventing pathological cell death | Intravenous injection | Taurocholate induced rat model | Inhibiting inflammatory cytokines in tissues and blood | Wang et al. (2022) |
| _ | Carbon monoxide bound hemoglobin vesicles (CO-HbV) | Vesicles | _ | Acting as a donor for CO and oxygen carrier after releasing CO. | Intravenous injection | Choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented diet induced rat model | CO-HbV decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, neutrophil infiltration, oxidative injuries in pancreatic tissue, and systematic side effects | Nagao et al. (2016) |
| _ | Lipid-based liquid crystalline nanoparticles with the lipid mixture of phosphatidylcholine (PC), glycerol dioleate (GDO) and polysorbate 80 (P80) | Nanoparticles | Somatostatin | Carrier | _ | _ | Extending plasma half-lives of somatostatin | Cervin et al. (2009) |