TABLE 2.

Selected clinical and historical data for individual patients related to buprenorphine administration

Patient	Total dose of buprenorphine before event, mg	COWS preceding buprenorphine	COWS after buprenorphine	Last reported illicit opioid used	Reported time since last use, hours	Modality of use	Other reported substance use	UDT results	Opioid agonist given before buprenorphine	Concurrent adjunctive medications a
Category 1: precipitated opioid withdrawal
1	8	13	22	Fentanyl Heroin	12–24	Not reported	None	Fentanyl Other opioid b	No	Clonidine Lorazepam
2	8	8	21	Fentanyl	12–24	Injection	None	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant c	No	Ondansetron Acetaminophen
3	2	12	19	“Percocet” d	12–24	Oral	THC	Fentanyl Stimulant Benzodiazepine THC	No	None
4	4	14	23	Fentanyl	>24	Injection	None	Fentanyl Stimulant	No	None
5	4	13	21	Fentanyl Heroin	<12	Injection	Alcohol Cocaine Benzodiazepine	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant Benzodiazepine THC	No	Acetaminophen Hydroxyzine Ketorolac
Category 2: precipitated opioid withdrawal after nonstandard buprenorphine initiation
6	2	5	10	Fentanyl Heroin	<12	Injection Nasal	Cocaine Benzodiazepine K2	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant Benzodiazepine	Yes	Clonidine Cyclobenzaprine Hydroxyzine Lorazepam
7	4	5	15	Fentanyl	<12	Injection	Alcohol THC Methamphetamine LSD PCP	Not collected	No	Clonidine Diphenhydramine Lorazepam Metoclopramide
8	8	7	12	Heroin	<12	Not reported	THC Methamphetamine	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant THC	No	None
9	4	6	21	Fentanyl Heroin	<12	Nasal	Cocaine Benzodiazepine	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant THC	No	None
Category 3: protracted opioid withdrawal
10	2	17	17	Fentanyl	12–24	Nasal	Alcohol THC	Fentanyl THC	No	None
11	4	11	10	Heroin	12–24	Injection	Alcohol THC Cocaine Benzodiazepine	Fentanyl Other opioid Stimulant Benzodiazepine THC	No	Chlordiazepoxide
12	4	12	11	Fentanyl	12–24	Nasal	Cocaine	Fentanyl Other opioid	No	Ondansetron
13	2	13	17	Fentanyl	12–24	Injection	Cocaine Benzodiazepine	None	Yes	None

Abbreviations: COWS, Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale; K2, synthetic tetrahydracannibinol; LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide; PCP, phencyclidine; THC, tetrahydracannabinol; UDT, urine drug testing.

^a Given at the same time or at most 1 hour before buprenorphine.

^b Other opioid category includes codeine, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, and norbuprenorphine (no samples tested positive for methadone).

^c Stimulants include amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine.

^d Patient‐reported brand name referring to oral oxycodone–acetaminophen.