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. 2023 Jan 10;16:1081426. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1081426

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Cellular pathways implicated in PD pathogenesis. Genetic studies of heritable PD have highlighted vital pathways that can contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Organelle dysfunction within the neuron, due to many genetic and environmental factors, can lead to cellular stress and eventual neuronal death. Major pathways outline here implicate protein trafficking, endolysosomal dysfunction, autophagy lysosomal pathway and mitochondrial function as vital in PD pathogenesis. Biorender image (adapted from Polymeropoulos et al., 1997; Zimprich et al., 2011; Krebs et al., 2013; Macleod et al., 2013; Vilariño-Güell et al., 2013; Cilia et al., 2014; Fonseca et al., 2015; Ferreira and Gahl, 2017).