FIGURE 3.

Diagram of uptake, trafficking and clearance mechanisms of α-synuclein in the cell. There are four primary routes of uptake of α-synuclein into the cell: clathrin-mediated, LAG3 receptor-mediated, heparan sulfate proteoglycans-mediated, and passive diffusion. Different conformations of α-synuclein can be internalized via different routes. The autophagolysosomal pathway and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway are the primary clearance mechanisms that degrade α-synuclein. The autophagolysosome pathway can degrade larger species of α-synuclein, where the proteosome breaks down monomers and small, soluble oligomers.