Table 2.
The roles of treatment measures regulating co-stimulatory molecules for T1D.
| Treatment measures | Related mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| CD40 | ||
| CD40 knock-down DCs | Improve blood glucose, glucose tolerance, weight, and IL-13 production. | (123) |
| Carbonyl iron | Decreases the expression of CD40 and CD80 on DCs to suppress antigen-presenting ability and further adaptive immune response toward pancreatic beta cells. | (124) |
| OX40 | ||
| OX40 agonistic antibody (OX86) | Induce CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs and CD4+Foxp3- T cells expressing the latency-associated peptide play a synergistic role with insulin B9:23. | (125) |
| ICOS | ||
| cholecalciferol supplement | Increase 25(OH)D levels and decreases Th17 and Treg/ICOS+ percentages in the serum of healthy siblings. | (126) |
| 4-1BB | ||
| soluble CD137 | Induce CD4+ T cell anergy, in turn suppressing antigen-specific T cell proliferation and IL-2/IFN-γ production. | (127) |