Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Authors/Year | Country | N | Study/Aim/Duration app use | App characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achtyes et al. 2019 (26) | USA | A total of 368 participants were enrolled in the study, of whom 356 used the app during the 6-month period. Due to some factors, 347 patients comprise the analysis set No data available about age mean and SD | Type of study: prospective, ten-site, longitudinal study of four technology-assisted interventions for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders within 60 days of psychiatric hospital discharge Aim: to better understand off-hours use of a smartphone intervention to extend support for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders recently discharged from a psychiatric hospital Duration: 6 months | FOCUS: the app provided patients with access to illness management strategies in the areas of medication, mood, social, sleep and voices. That could be preprogrammed by the patient or be self-initiated by the patient on-demand when he/she felt the need for help, which could be used by patients as needed, providing help in five content areas: medications, mood, social, sleep and voices |
| Ben-Zeev et al. 2014 (27) | USA | 33 participants (1 participant dropped out of the study after losing 2 study smartphones in the first week; the remaining 32 used the system throughout the trial, however 2 participants system use data were lost due to technical problems during the automated data transfer, therefore these reports concern 30 individuals) Mean age of 45.9 years (SD = 8.78) | Type of study: pre and post study trial Aim: to analyze feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the app Duration: 1 month | FOCUS: an app that offers users both prescheduled and on-demand resources to facilitate symptom management, mood regulation, medication adherence, social functioning, and improved sleep. The system is comprised of 3 applications that are installed onto the smartphone, and a web-based dashboard. The first app prompts users to engage daily via auditory signals and visual notifications that appear on the screen. The second is the primary FOCUS app that uses interactive algorithms to generate brief assessments and interventions that the user progresses through using touchscreen buttons on the smartphone home screen. The third is a Quick Tips app that allows users to access illness self-management resources and suggested coping strategies from a menu of options |
| Ben-Zeev et al. 2017 (36) | USA | 5 participants Mean age of 26.4 years (SD = 7.33) | Type of study: randomized controlled trial Aim: to describe and demonstrate a novel app Duration: 12 months | Crosscheck: a multimodal data collection system designed to aid in continuous remote monitoring and identification of subjective and objective indicators of psychotic relapse. Besides gathering brief self-reports multiple times a week (ecological momentary assessment), multi-modal behavioral sensing (i.e., physical activity, geospatial activity, speech frequency and duration) and device use data (i.e., call and text activity, app use) are captured automatically |
| Ben-Zeev et al. 2018 (28) | USA | 163 participants (82—FOCUS; 81—WRAP; 49% of diagnosis were schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) Mean age of 49 years (SD = 9.8)—FOCUS; Mean age of 49 years (SD = 10.1)—WRAP | Type of study: randomized controlled trial was conducted of a smartphone-delivered intervention (FOCUS) versus a clinic-based group intervention [Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP)] Aim: to compare a mobile app (FOCUS) versus a clinic-based group intervention for people with serious mental illness Duration: 3 months (Interventions were deployed for a period of 12 weeks, using cycles of eight cohorts of participants assigned to individual FOCUS or group-based WRAP over parallel periods) | FOCUS: a multimodal, smartphone-delivered intervention for people with serious mental illness that includes three components: FOCUS application, clinician dashboard, and mHealth support specialist. The system includes preprogrammed daily self-assessment prompts and on-demand functions that can be accessed 24 h a day. Self-management content targets five broad domains: voices (coping with auditory hallucinations via cognitive restructuring, distraction, and guided hypothesis testing), mood (managing depression and anxiety via behavioral activation, relaxation techniques, and supportive content), sleep (sleep hygiene, relaxation, and health and wellness psychoeducation), social functioning (cognitive restructuring of persecutory ideation, anger management, activity scheduling, and skills training), and medication (behavioral tailoring, reminders, and psychoeducation) |
| Ben-Zeev et al. 2018 (29) | USA | 9 participants used the intervention (1 participant dropout) Mean age of 45.5 years (SD = 13.18) | Type of study: mixed methods design Aim: to examine whether video-based mHealth interventions are feasible, acceptable, understandable, and engaging to people with schizophrenia Duration: 1 month | FOCUS-AV: a mobile system that offers video and written intervention options. FOCUS was designed for people with schizophrenia and offers both pre-scheduled and on-demand illness management interventions targeting auditory hallucinations, social functioning, medication use, mood problems, and sleep disturbances |
| Bonet et al. 2020 (41) | Spain | 90 participants (59 participants used the app and 31 did not agree to use the app—treatment as usual group) Mean age of the sample was 32.8 years (SD = 9.4) | Type of study: usability study Aim: to assess the efficacy and clinical outcomes of the use of the app after 19 months in terms of adherence to ReMindCare, relapse prevention, hospital admissions, and visits to urgent care units compared with treatment as usual without the app. Duration: at least 1 month | ReMindCare: app that conducts daily evaluations of the health status of patients with early psychosis by offering quick questionnaires. Two types of questionnaires were included: daily questionnaires (3 daily questions assessing levels of anxiety, sadness, and irritability) and weekly questionnaires (18 weekly questions aimed at assessing adherence to medication, the presence of side effects from antipsychotic medication intake, the attitude toward medication intake, and the presence of prodromal psychosis symptoms) |
| Bucci et al. 2018 (37) | UK | 36 participants (24 participants use Actissist plus treatment as usual and 12 participants used ClinTouch plus treatment as usual) Mean age of 20.21 years (SD = 7.37)—Actissist; Mean age of 18.33 years (SD = 7)—ClinTouch | Type of study: a single, blind, randomized controlled trial Aim: to test the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of Actissist and to provide preliminary evidence of intervention effects on clinical and functional outcomes Duration: 12 weeks | Actissist: a digital health intervention grounded in the cognitive model of psychosis that targets key early psychosis domains. Users can engage with spontaneously or in response to being prompted. It then collects responses from the user and wirelessly uploads user responses to a server. Actissist is divided in 2 parts, although presented as a single app. Firstly, at 3 pseudo-randomized time points per day, 6 days a week between 10.00 and 22.00, an auditory alert followed by a visual prompt is emitted from the app inviting participants to access the app. Part 2 includes a menu of multi-media options that act in a stand-alone fashion designed to complement and support the feedback from the intervention domains. This supplementary content contains information and activities including relaxation and mindfulness exercises, recovery stories (videos), a range of fact sheets (eg, low mood, anxiety, self-esteem), external links to web-related content (eg, TED talks), daily diary, and emergency contacts resources ClinTouch app is a symptom-monitoring app that triggers, collects, and wirelessly uploads symptom data to a server *Although the study addresses two apps, its focus is on Actissist, so only this one is described in more detailed |
| Eisner et al. 2019 (39) | UK | 18 participants Mean age of 37.9 years (SD = 9.9) | Type of study: this study consisted of three phases. First, cross-sectional assessments characterized the sample and checked eligibility for the next phase. Second, eligible participants used ExPRESS for 6 months and received telephone calls from the researcher (prospective, longitudinal phase). Finally, after 6 months the acceptability of the study procedures was explored using qualitative interviews Aim: to investigate the feasibility and validity of adding “basic symptoms” to conventional early signs and monitoring these using a smartphone app Duration: 6 months | ExPRESS: an android smartphone app which prompts participants once a week to answer a personalized set of questions regarding psychotic symptoms, mood symptoms and early signs of relapse. The software was adapted from ClinTouch, a symptom-monitoring app assessing 12 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and 2 Calgary Depression Scale (CDS) items. They share their look, feel, and general functionality, but features such as item content and alert frequency differ |
| Fulford et al. 2020 (48) | USA | 11 participants—focus groups; 8 participants—usability testing (including 3 participants from the focus groups) No data available about age mean and SD | Type of study: app development and pilot usability testing Aim: to develop a smartphone app designed to address social skill and motivation deficits in schizophrenia and test usability Duration: 14 days | Motivation and Skills Support (MASS): the app target social skills and social motivation in peoples’ day-to-day lives. It is tailored to 11 different social goals that fit into broad categories related to friend, family, and romantic relationships. These social goals were based on both traditional SST content and specific feedback from stakeholders. Video demonstrations of specific social skills that were relevant for these goals were also available through the app to support social goal completion. Within the app, participants were provided reminders of their social goal as well as information to help with goal planning. Specifically, each of the 11 goals were broken down into distinct steps that varied in difficulty |
| Garety et al. 2021 (43) | UK | 361 participants (181—SlowMo app; 180—treatment as usual) Mean age of 43.1 years (SD = 11.7)—SlowMo app; Mean age of 42.2 years (SD = 11.6)—TAU; Mean age of 42.6 years (SD = 11.6)—Overall | Type of study: parallel-arm, assessor-blinded, randomized clinical trial Aim: to investigate the effects on paranoia and mechanisms of action of SlowMo app plus usual care compared with usal care only Duration: 12 weeks | SlowMo: a digitally supported CBTp consisting of 8 individual, face-to-face sessions (60–90 min) in accordance with a clinical manual. The intervention builds awareness of unhelpful fast thinking and supports individualized formulation. SlowMo then assists people with slowing down for a moment to find ways of feeling safer. Sessions are assisted by the SlowMo web app delivered using a touchscreen laptop, with interactive features including information, animated vignettes, games, and personalized thought bubbles. The web app synchronizes to a native android mobile app providing access in daily life to SlowMo strategies and individualized safer-thought bubbles |
| Gire et al. 2021 (44) | UK | 12 participants Mean age of 24.83 years (SD = 4.83) | Type of study: mixed methods feasibility study Aim: to examine the acceptability and feasibility of a mobile phone application-based intervention for individuals with psychosis Duration: 6 weeks | TechCare App: system that assesses participants’ symptoms and responses in real-time and provides a personalised-guided self-help-based psychological intervention based on the principles of Cognitive Behaviorual Therapy (CBT), which could include participants’ preferred multimedia such as music, images, or video. The app used Experiential Sampling Methodology (ESM) as a research methodology, which allowed participants to record, subjective experiences in real-time of their thoughts, moods, and experiences of distress. The ESM research methodology was coupled with intelligent Real-Time Therapy (iRTT) uses the data gathered by ESM on a participants’ subjective experiences of distress and in response provides interventions to be delivered in real-time |
| Hanssen et al. 2020 (30) | The Netherlands | 64 participants enrolled, 14 dropped out of the study for a variety of reasons, being in the study 50 participants (27 participants receiving ESM-derived personalized feedback and 23 participants without feedback) Mean age of 37.9 years (SD = 8.6)—feedback; Mean age of 40.3 years (SD = 10.9)—no feedback | Type of study: pre and posttest. Participants were randomly assigned to either of two groups: (1) one where the SMARTapp provided feedback according to the participants’ daily ESM entries, or (2) one where the SMARTapp included only ESM questionnaires without personalized feedback Aim: to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an interactive smartphone application (with or without feedback) that aimed to improve daily-life social functioning and symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders Duration: 21 days | SMARTapp (Schizophrenia Mobile Assessment and RealTime feedback application): this app was made using custom questionnaires which were built on the PsyMate™ platform (www.psymate.eu), which is a platform including a smartphone app, a cloud-based data storage and a reporting module, that allows customized collection of ESM data (thoughts, feelings, and behavior) in everyday life. The SMARTapp was identical for both groups, except that one group received personalized interactive ESM-derived feedback from the application in the form of two tailored prompts a day. The prompts provided suggestions for a certain activity or behavior change, depending on the previous ESM answers. The application provided feedback in the following categories: (a) psychotic symptoms, (b) social engagement, (c) health behavior (i.e., sleep, eating), (d) physical activity, and (e) mood and emotion. Feedback-prompts were programmed in such a way that even if ESM questions were answered in a similar fashion, participants did not receive the same prompt twice in a day. In the evening questionnaire, the feedback group was asked whether they acted upon the suggestions or not |
| Kidd et al. 2019 (35) | Canada | 38 participants Mean age of 31.42 years (SD = 8.6) | Type of study: pre-post design and feasibility study of a schizophrenia-focused mobile application (medication adherence, personal recovery, and psychiatric symptomatology) Aim: to investigate feasibility and outcomes of a multifunction mobile app Duration: 1 month | App4Independence: a multi-feature app that uses feed, scheduling, and text-based functions co-designed with service users to enhance illness self-management. A4i functionality includes (i) addressing social isolation through personalized prompts, scheduling of activities, and connections to a range of resources relevant to social engagement. (ii) fostering engagement in the recovery process through evidence-informed content that makes suggestions and provides resources relevant to coping with psychosis symptoms, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, cognitive challenges, motivation, and anxiety as relevant to the individual. The content concentrations are determined by the above-mentioned algorithm. (iii) A peer-peer engagement platform that facilitates strategy/tip-sharing between A4i users (anonymous and moderated). (iv) Daily wellness and goal attainment check-ins to inform content delivery and highlight mental health trajectories. (v) Passively collected data on phone use as a proxy for sleep and activity levels |
| Kreyenbuhl et al. 2019 (51) | USA | 7 participants Mean age of 47.6 years (SD = 10.4) | Type of study: short-term open trial Aim: to develop and assess preliminary acceptability and feasibility of a smartphone intervention to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication Duration: 2 weeks | MedActive: a smartphone application that reminds individuals to take their antipsychotic medications, stores and tracks information about their self-reported medication adherence, positive psychotic symptoms, and antipsychotic side effects, and allows them to research topics regarding schizophrenia and antipsychotic medications. It facilitates the active involvement of individuals with schizophrenia in managing their antipsychotic medication regimen by providing automated reminders for medication administration and tailored motivational feedback to encourage adherence, and by displaying user-friendly results of daily ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) of medication adherence, positive psychotic symptoms, and medication side effects for individuals and their psychiatrists. MedActive also consists of a clinician interface which is a secure website that enables psychiatrists to review their patients’ daily antipsychotic medication, positive psychotic symptoms, and antipsychotic side effects at any time |
| Krzystanek et al. 2019 (47) | Poland | 290 participants (later 88 participants withdraw the study; (199 participants receiving smartphone with MONEO platform installed and 91 participants receiving the platform with functionality limited to monthly teleconsultation and performing cognitive training every 6 months) Mean age of 32 years (SD = 5.92)—MONEO; Mean age of 32.2 years (SD = 6.94)—MONEO with limited functionality | Type of study: multicenter, open-label randomized trial Aim: to test a smartphone-based MONEO platform designed to improve the clinical condition of paranoid schizophrenia patients Duration: 12 months | MONEO: a platform which consists of three modules: a web portal (for physician) available on a tablet or a computer, a smartphone application (for patient) available on a smartphone, and a web portal (for administrator), which sends automatic messages to the patient application—reminders about planned outpatient visits, the need to take medications or to conduct cognitive training, and information about received educational videos |
| Lewis et al. 2020 (38) | UK | 81 participants (40 participants receiving ClinTouch and 41 participants receiving standard care) Mean age of 33.7 years—ClinTouch; Mean age of 35.3 years—standard care (SD = not reported) | Type of study: open randomized controlled trial Aim: to assess (i) acceptability of continuous monitoring to SMI patients and health professionals over 3 months; (ii) impact of active self-monitoring on positive psychotic symptoms assessed at 6 and 12 weeks; and (iii) the feasibility of detecting early warning signs of relapse Duration: 12 weeks | ClinTouch: smartphone-based platform to help persons with severe mental illness to manage their symptoms and prevent relapse. By asking users to rate their experience several times a day, ClinTouch provides real-time illness management solutions. Users can draw connections between triggers and symptoms, as well as get assistance in remembering to take medications. ClinTouch also tracks users over time so that early signs of relapse can be recognized sooner, enabling them to seek additional support and intervention |
| Lim et al. 2020 (52) | Australia | 10 participants (2 dropouts) Mean age of 20.5 years (SD = 2.65) | Type of study: uncontrolled single-group design with three time points Aim: to develop a pilot digital smartphone application to target loneliness that is feasible and acceptable to young people with early psychosis Duration: 6 weeks | +Connect: a digital smartphone application which delivers positive psychology content daily. The aim of this content was to assist individuals to identify and harness their personal strengths, and to learn and practice positive interpersonal skills that could strengthen their current relationships. Themes included eliciting positive emotions, as well as showing kindness and reciprocity within relationship and social fears, which addresses social anxiety. When the application is opened, participants see a home screen, and are asked to log their mood using a mood evaluation tracker. They then proceed to the tasks which were delivered in one of four ways: (1) via text and images (e.g., an Instagram format); (2) shared experience videos featuring young people with lived experiences; (3) expert videos featuring academics introducing core concepts; or (4) actor videos featuring semi-professional actors modelling a range of social behaviors |
| Moitra et al. 2021 (53) | USA | 10 participants (7 completed all measures and 1 participant was hospitalized) Mean age of 44.4 years (SD = 13.9) | Type of study: open trial Aim: to examine the initial feasibility, acceptability, and possible effects of the newly developed mobile intervention for patients with psychosis post-hospitalization. Duration: 1 month | Mobile After-Care Support (MACS): mHealth intervention for patients with psychosis during the transition from inpatient to outpatient care. Using CBTp-based strategies, the app was designed to monitor patients’ treatment adherence and symptoms and to intervene by providing brief, just-in-time interventions to support treatment adherence and participants’ use of healthy coping skills to manage their illness |
| Moore et al. 2020 (45) | Australia | 12 participants No data available about age mean and SD | Type of study: qualitative study (nested in a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing a four-session smartphone-supported coping intervention, versus treatment-as-usual for people who hear persisting and distressing voices) Aim: to explore participants’ experiences of the smartphone-supported coping intervention, and to understand the impact of blending digital technology with a face-to-face intervention for distressing psychotic experiences from a user's perspective Duration: 8 weeks | movisensXS: app used to deliver ecological momentary assessment surveys and deliver ecological momentary intervention prompts. The intervention involved four semi-manualized face-to-face cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions with smartphone application monitoring and support between sessions. The app was used to deliver prompts to facilitate both self-monitoring and self-management of voice hearing experiences. The therapists and participants could collaboratively develop personalized coping strategies to embed into the application as prompts or reminders and then used in the deliver ecological momentary intervention phase of the intervention |
| Niendam et al. 2018 (40) | USA | 76 participants Mean age of 18.8 years (SD = 3.7) | Type of study: longitudinal feasibility and validity study Aim: to determine feasibility and acceptability of implementing a smartphone application as an add-on tool in EP care and to evaluate the validity of self-report symptom data collected via a smartphone application in early psychosis Duration: up to 14 months | Ginger.io: a mHealth software comprising a smartphone application (“app”) and clinician Dashboard. The app can collect “active” data (i.e., self-report surveys sent to participants’ smartphones at designated times/days) and “passive” data (i.e., data gathered from participants’ smartphones without participant action) regarding phone calls made/received, SMS messages sent/received, and movement patterns (e.g., distance travelled in a day) based on Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Content of phone calls/SMS messages is never collected, and specific location data is never explicitly analyzed. The app served as a data collection tool only; participants could not contact their treatment team, or review their data via the app. Instead, active, and passive data for each participant were summarized on the Dashboard, a secure web-portal where clinicians reviewed participants’ data, including daily and weekly survey responses, survey completion rates, and passive data summaries. Dashboard notifications appeared when participants did not complete surveys more than 3 days in a row, or when passive data were not being collected from a participants’ phone. Clinicians also received Dashboard “alerts” when participants’ responses were considered clinically significant |
| Palmier-Claus et al. 2013 (54) | UK | 24 participants Mean age of 33.04 years (SD = 9.5) | Type of study: randomized repeated-measure cross-over design study Aim: to explore patients’ understandings and perceptions of mobile phone based clinical assessment for psychosis, and how it might be implemented into their everyday lives and clinical care Duration: 6 days | No name: a designed software application for Android smartphones which displays self-report questions about symptomatology |
| Schlosser et al. 2018 (46) | USA | 43 participants (22 participants receiving PRIME and 21 participants receiving treatment-as-usual/waitlist) Mean age of 24.32 years (SD = 2.6)—PRIME; Mean age of 23.79 (SD = 4.5)—treatment as usual/waitlist | Type of study: randomized controlled trial Aim: to test the efficacy of a new mobile intervention called PRIME (personalized real-time intervention for motivational enhancement) Duration: 12 weeks | PRIME: a mobile app intervention that includes a peer community, goal and achievement tracking, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) based coaching. The intervention was designed to target the motivational system by utilizing social reinforcement to engage and sustain goal-directed behavior. The targeting of motivated behavior was hypothesized to require successful engagement of the various component process of reward processing, known to be disrupted in psychosis spectrum disorders. Participants worked towards self-identified goals with the support of a virtual community of age-matched peers with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders as well as motivational coaches |
| Simões de Almeida et al. 2019 (32) | Portugal | 9 participants Mean age of 38 years (SD = 9.701) | Type of study: a pilot study Aim: to describe the development of weCope, a Portuguese mobile app for people with schizophrenia, and to present some preliminary data Duration: 8 weeks | weCope: an app that targets coping with voices, problem solving, goals setting and stress management. The symptom monitoring module share one of the goals of CBT including modifying patients’ distorted beliefs about delusions and hallucinations. Thus, the main objective is to monitor the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms, their triggering events and the conditions that maintain them. The problem-solving module aims to identify and modify the maladaptive strategies to develop more helpful alternatives, and the user must identify the problem and describe it, presenting two possible solutions and selecting her/his preferred one. The anxiety management module purposes the reduction of factors such stress for a better control of the pathology and its symptoms—the user can explore different types of relaxation, such Jacobson Technique. In goal setting module, the user has to define the goal, deadlines, and the support that he will require, so he can have an attitude of empowerment in their recovery |
| Steare et al. 2020 (33) | UK | 40 participants (20 participants used the app and 20 participants were the control group) Mean age of 29.4 years (SD = 9.7)—My Journey app; Mean age of 30 (SD = 10.1)—control group | Type of study: a two-arm unblinded feasibility randomized controlled trial Aim: to test the feasibility and acceptability of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a Smartphone-based self-management tool in Early Intervention in Psychosis services Duration: from 4 to 12 months (median 38.1 weeks) | My Journey 3: a smartphone app developed for adults accessing Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) services. The aim of the intervention is to develop users’ self-management skills to help them to achieve self-determined recovery goals and avoid future relapses. My Journey 3 is suitable for independent use, but also designed to be used with support from EIP service clinicians who will be able to assist with the completion of the self-management components and initial set-up. It is the developers’ aspiration for My Journey 3 to be used initially in collaboration with EIP service clinicians, and for it to support continuing self-management after users have been discharged from EIP services |
| Steare et al. 2021 (34) | UK | 34 participants (21 patients and 13 clinicians) Mean age of 29.8 years—patients (SD = not reported) Clinicians’ data not reported | Type of study: qualitative study—semi-structured one-to-one interviews as part of a feasibility trial Aim: to explore the acceptability of My Journey 3 through interviews with both clinical providers and service users Duration: from 4 to 12 months (median 38.1 weeks) | My Journey 3: an app to increase the implementation of supported self-management for adults with first-episode psychosis. Also, Users of the app can create and store a relapse prevention plan with the aid of an early intervention psychosis service clinician. My Journey 3 features a symptom tracker, information on mental health, medication, and mental health services in a psychoeducation section of the app including short videos. Medication adherence can be tracked via a “Pill Tracker” |
| Taylor et al. 2022 (50) | UK | 12 participants (3 dropout) Mean age of 35.57 years (SD = 10.88) | Type of study: a feasibility and acceptability study Aim: to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential usefulness of a guided, smartphone-based CBT intervention targeting sleep disturbance for individuals with psychosis Duration: 6 weeks | ExpiWell: the intervention consisted of a system-initiated, pre-scheduled programme (“My Sleep Programme”) and a user-initiated, access-any-time “Resources Section”. My Sleep Programme consisted of six core weekly modules, and one further participant-chosen module (“Managing Worry” or “Coping with Voices”). Each required up to 30 min to complete. New content was delivered in the form of “surveys”, to which participants were alerted with a home screen notification. The intervention was interactive and conversational; utilizing a range of question-response styles to actively involve the user, with supportive feedback provided. Content was tailored to participant responses using branching logic. This format has similarly been used in other app-based interventions designed for individuals with psychosis. The Resources Section enabled participants to re-access module summaries, and access audio-guided relaxation and mindfulness exercises |
| Terp et al. 2018 (42) | Denmark | 27 participants (only 13 participated in this study evaluation) Mean age of 24.8 years (SD = not reported) | Type of study: qualitative (constituted the third phase of a participatory design process) Aim: to explore how young adults recently diagnosed with schizophrenia used and perceived a smartphone app as a tool to foster power in the everyday management of living with their illness Duration: 1 year | MindFrame: a smartphone app that allows young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia to access resources to aid their self-management. Every day, individuals are required to fill out a self-assessment on their smartphone; these assessments will reveal the state of the individual's mental health. The data collected on the self-assessment will be displayed on the smartphone app as a graph over the course of 14 days. The clinician can also access the patient's self-assessments through the clinical web portal enabling him/her to identify any patterns and make possible connections between certain behaviors and the symptoms they may trigger. With the data from the self-assessments, the system can also identify triggers and early warning signs notifying both, the patient, and the clinician |