Table 1.
Summary coding of included anxiety studies (arranged in the alphabetical order of the first author).
| First author | Year | Country | Learning phrase | Students’ major | Whether attending emergency online learning | Measurement | Sample size | Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acosta | 2021 | USA | K-12 | / | Yes | Self-report | 145 | 51.80% |
| Biber | 2019 | USA | University | / | No | GAD-7 | 1,640 | 92.62% |
| Bolatov | 2021 | Kazakhstan | University | Medical | No | GAD-7 | 798 | 42.60% |
| Chang (a) | 2021 | China | University | Medical | No | DASS-21 | 4,115 | 32.90% |
| Chang (b) | 2021 | China | University | Diverse | No | DASS-21 | 5,558 | 36.32% |
| Demaray | 2022 | USA | K-12 | / | No | GAD-7 | 2,738 | 41.16% |
| Dirzyte | 2021 | Lithuania | University | / | No | GAD-7 | 444 | 62.30% |
| Elshami | 2021 | UAE | University | Medical | No | Online Course Anxiety Scale | 358 | 37.70% |
| Fawaz | 2020 | Lebanon | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 520 | 43.80% |
| Halat | 2022 | Lebanon | University | Medical | No | DASS-21 | 561 | 70.70% |
| Hoque | 2021 | Bangladesh | University | / | No | Zung’s Scale | 206 | 82.50% |
| Hu | 2022 | China | University | / | No | GAD-2 | 512 | 72.00% |
| Li | 2022 | China | University | Diverse | No | Self-designed | 622 | 66.00% |
| Liu | 2022 | China | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 1,506 | 38.00% |
| Moy | 2021 | Malaysia | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 310 | 51.28% |
| Peng | 2022 | China | K-12 | / | No | GAD-7 | 39,751 | 10.30% |
| Perkins | 2021 | USA | K-12 | / | No | GAD-2 | 320 | 22.80% |
| Rodrigues | 2022 | Portugal | University | Medical | No | / | 415 | 84.50% |
| Srivastava | 2021 | India | University | Medical | Yes | GAD-7 | 97 | 56.70% |
| Toprak | 2022 | Turkey | University | Medical | Yes | PSS-10 | 2,290 | 100% |
| Torales | 2022 | Paraguay | University | Diverse | No | GAD-7 | 378 | 87.10% |
| Zhang | 2022 | China | University | / | No | GAD-7 | 788 | 25.13% |
/ means the information was unreported; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item; GAD-2, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale 10-item; and DASS-21, The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21-item.