Table 3.
Summary coding of included stress studies (arranged in alphabetical order of the first author).
| Author | Year | Country | Learning phrase | Students’ major | Whether attending emergency online learning | Measurement | Sample size | Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amerson | 2021 | USA | University | Medical | No | PSS-10 | 256 | 98.00% |
| Azmi | 2022 | SA | University | Diverse | No | Zung’s Scale | 157 | 75.00% |
| Chang (a) | 2021 | China | University | Medical | No | DASS-21 | 4,115 | 14.60% |
| Chang (b) | 2021 | China | University | Diverse | No | DASS-21 | 5,558 | 17.24% |
| Fawaz | 2020 | Lebanon | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 520 | 12.70% |
| Halat | 2022 | Lebanon | University | Medical | No | DASS-21 | 561 | 48.30% |
| Hegler | 2022 | USA | University | Diverse | Yes | Self-designed | 538 | 89.00% |
| Kabir | 2021 | Bangladesh | University | / | No | PSS | 1,145 | 90.92% |
| Liu | 2022 | China | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 1,506 | 24.44% |
| Motappa | 2022 | India | University | Medical | No | PSS | 324 | 96.00% |
| Moy | 2021 | Malaysia | University | / | No | DASS-21 | 310 | 56.50% |
| Nikas | 2021 | Cyprus | University | Medical | Yes | PSS-10 | 173 | 77.30% |
| Pieh | 2021 | Austria | K-12 | / | No | PSS-10 | 2,884 | 89.00% |
| Quintiliani | 2021 | Italy | University | Medical | No | PSS-10 | 955 | 89.40% |
| Radwan | 2021 | Palestine | K-12 | / | No | PSS | 385 | 71.20% |
| Rutkowska (a) | 2021 | Slovakia | University | / | No | PSS-10 | 3,051 | 98.00% |
| Rutkowska (b) | 2022 | Poland | University | Diverse | No | PSQ | 753 | 58.17% |
| She | 2021 | China | K-12 | / | No | Self-designed | 3,136 | 6.40% |
| Toprak | 2022 | Turkey | University | Medical | Yes | PSS-10 | 2,290 | 94.80% |
| Torales | 2022 | Paraguay | University | Diverse | No | TechQ | 378 | 52.60% |
| Wang | 2021 | China | University | Medical | No | PSS-10 | 369 | 82.30% |
/ means the information was unreported; DASS-21, The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21-item; TechQ, Technostress Questionnaire; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; and PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale 10-item.