Table 1.
Comparison of patient characteristics
| Non‐HFpEF (LVEF <50%) | HFpEF (LVEF ≥50%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Young N = 575 |
Older N = 1159 |
Very old N = 319 |
P‐value |
Young N = 182 |
Older N = 894 |
Very old N = 429 |
P‐value | |
| Age, years | 56 (48–61) | 76 (71–80) | 88 (86–91) | ‐ | 57 (50–61) | 77 (73–81) | 88 (86–91) | ‐ |
| Female, % | 19.0 | 32.4 | 48.3 | <0.001 | 37.4 | 50.8 | 59.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 4.82 | 21.4 ± 3.61 | 19.9 ± 3.09 | <0.001 | 23.5 ± 4.98 | 21.8 ± 3.97 | 20.8 ± 3.58 | <0.001 |
| Prior HF admission, % | 28.1 | 33.7 | 33.2 | 0.054 | 16.0 | 28.1 | 29.4 | <0.001 |
| History of smoking, % | 56.7 | 45.6 | 31.7 | <0.001 | 52.8 | 39.0 | 28.5 | <0.001 |
| Cause of HF, % | ||||||||
| Ischaemic | 24.2 | 41.2 | 48.6 | <0.001 | 12.6 | 18.1 | 15.6 | 0.018 |
| Dilated | 42.3 | 18.6 | 8.2 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.2 | ||
| Valvular | 6.6 | 16.1 | 26.3 | 36.8 | 42.1 | 42.2 | ||
| Hypertensive | 5.7 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 8.6 | ||
| Hypertrophic | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 3.3 | ||
| Others | 19.1 | 16.3 | 11.3 | 30.2 | 26.9 | 30.0 | ||
| Echocardiography | ||||||||
| LVDD, cm | 6.06 ± 0.97 | 5.61 ± 0.89 | 5.16 ± 0.83 | <0.001 | 4.91 ± 0.82 | 4.66 ± 0.83 | 4.35 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
| LVDS, cm | 5.17 ± 1.05 | 4.65 ± 1.00 | 4.20 ± 0.88 | <0.001 | 3.24 ± 0.69 | 3.16 ± 0.67 | 2.92 ± 0.59 | <0.001 |
| LAD, cm | 4.50 ± 0.80 | 4.49 ± 0.94 | 4.20 ± 0.76 | <0.001 | 4.46 ± 1.13 | 4.58 ± 1.00 | 4.45 ± 0.89 | 0.09 |
| LVEF, % | 30.9 ± 9.45 | 34.0 ± 9.01 | 36.1 ± 8.41 | <0.001 | 60.1 ± 6.55 | 59.9 ± 6.41 | 59.6 ± 5.88 | 0.49 |
| Co‐morbidities, % | ||||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 33.8 | 45.1 | 43.4 | <0.001 | 37.9 | 57.6 | 61.3 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 56.1 | 67.9 | 72.1 | <0.001 | 51.1 | 68.2 | 71.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 35.3 | 40.4 | 28.5 | <0.001 | 25.8 | 33.6 | 24.2 | <0.01 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 36.4 | 45.2 | 35.8 | <0.001 | 32.4 | 38.9 | 20.4 | 0.006 |
| Hyperuricemia | 51.3 | 43.1 | 46.4 | 0.006 | 38.5 | 38.5 | 37.5 | 0.94 |
| Previous stroke | 8.5 | 14.8 | 13.2 | <0.001 | 9.3 | 13.6 | 16.5 | 0.06 |
| COPD | 2.3 | 4.9 | 5.3 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 0.008 |
| Anaemia | 30.1 | 60.1 | 76.8 | <0.001 | 47.3 | 68.3 | 77.2 | <0.001 |
| SAS | 3.1 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.049 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.005 |
| CKD | 47.8 | 73.3 | 83.7 | <0.001 | 39.0 | 67.3 | 79.0 | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 3.8 | 3.2 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 0.9 | 0.002 |
| Number of co‐morbidities | 3.04 ± 1.66 | 3.96 ± 1.52 | 4.06 ± 1.37 | <0.001 | 2.86 ± 1.71 | 3.93 ± 1.54 | 4.04 ± 1.32 | <0.001 |
| ≥3 comorbidities | 60.2 | 81.4 | 87.8 | <0.001 | 57.1 | 82.3 | 88.1 | <0.001 |
| Status on admission, % | ||||||||
| Cardiogenic shock | 17.1 | 18.1 | 14.1 | 0.033 | 14.5 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 0.18 |
| SBP, mmHg | 136 ± 35.1 | 137 ± 32.1 | 141 ± 29.7 | 0.12 | 143 ± 40.5 | 144 ± 34.0 | 146 ± 30.7 | 0.46 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 3371 (1872–5572) | 4084 (2190–8064) | 5574 (3201–9417) | <0.001 | 1493 (707–3337) | 2063 (1132–3890) | 2811 (1475–4727) | <0.001 |
| In‐hospital treatment | ||||||||
| Inotropic use | 14.4 | 16.4 | 12.3 | 0.163 | 12.2 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 0.21 |
| IABP | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.33 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
| VA‐ECMO | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.008 | 1.7 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.010 |
| Status at discharge | ||||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 107 ± 17.8 | 110 ± 17.3 | 112 ± 15.5 | <0.001 | 111 ± 16.7 | 116 ± 18.8 | 117 ± 16.9 | <0.001 |
| HR, bpm | 72.0 (64.0–82.0) | 70.0 (62.0–80.0) | 70.0 (62.0–80.0) | 0.002 | 70.5 (61.0–80.0) | 70.0 (60.0–76.0) | 70.0 (61.0–77.0) | 0.25 |
| Hb, g/dL | 14.0 (12.2–15.6) | 12.1 (10.6–13.5) | 11.1 (10.2–12.4) | <0.001 | 12.7 (11.2–14.3) | 11.5 (10.1–12.8) | 11.1 (10.0–12.2) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 61.4 (45.5–74.6) | 48.0 (32.9–61.3) | 40.8 (31.8–53.7) | <0.001 | 65.4 (49.2–79.8) | 50.9 (34.4–63.6) | 44.7 (32.0–74.6) | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 878 (429–1854) | 1463 (819–3074) | 1994 (1606–4171) | <0.001 | 548 (262–1291) | 954 (451–11 880) | 1994 (1066–4171) | <0.001 |
| NYHA classification, % | ||||||||
| I | 15.5 | 14.6 | 8.5 | <0.001 | 24.6 | 17.7 | 15.6 | <0.001 |
| II | 74.1 | 65.7 | 60.1 | 66.5 | 60.4 | 52.7 | ||
| III | 9.3 | 18.3 | 29.7 | 6.1 | 20.9 | 29.8 | ||
| IV | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.9 | ||
| GNRI | 99.4 (90.9–107) | 92.0 (84.0–100) | 87.7 (79.1–94.2) | <0.001 | 97.9 (92.0–105) | 92.7 (83.5–100) | 87.6 (79.6–95.9) | <0.001 |
| Pacemaker | 1.6 | 7.5 | 15.0 | <0.001 | 3.8 | 10.5 | 18.4 | <0.001 |
| ICD/CRT | 7.7 | 10.1 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.06 |
| Medications at discharge, % | ||||||||
| β‐blocker | 91.5 | 86.1 | 72.0 | <0.001 | 64.3 | 68.8 | 57.8 | <0.001 |
| ACE‐I or ARB | 76.7 | 64.8 | 60.5 | <0.001 | 59.9 | 58.4 | 58.0 | 0.61 |
| MRA | 48.0 | 39.4 | 33.5 | <0.001 | 30.2 | 27.4 | 22.6 | 0.16 |
| Loop diuretic | 73.2 | 77.4 | 81.5 | 0.04 | 63.2 | 72.6 | 80.9 | <0.001 |
| Tolvaptan | 4.3 | 5.4 | 4.1 | <0.001 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 6.1 | 0.04 |
| Anticoagulant | 47.8 | 56.7 | 39.3 | <0.001 | 47.8 | 62.6 | 53.7 | <0.001 |
ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstruction pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GNRI, geriatric nutritional risk index; Hb, haemoglobin; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IABP, intra‐aortic balloon pumping; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; LAD, left atrial dimension; LVDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVDS, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SAS, sleep apnoea syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VA‐ECMO, veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Values are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or per cent.