Table 3.
Summary of human studies investigating the role of chemokines in intracerebral hemorrhage.
| Chemokine/receptor | Study | Population | Sample source | Time | Effects of chemokines/receptors | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2, CXCL10 | prospective cohort | 115 ICH patients | Serum | 6 h, 24 h, 72 h | Patients with elevated CCL2 had worse mRS score at day 90. Elevation in CXCL10 was independently associated with worse 90-d mRS score | Landreneau et al. (2018) |
| CCL2 | prospective, multi-center | 28 ICH/IVH patients | CSF, serum | 1–10 days | Significant correlation was found between CCL2 level and IVH volume at 3–8 days and ICH at day 1–2. Significant correlations were found with PHE volume for IL-6, IL-10 and CCL2 at day 1–2 | Ziai et al. (2021) |
| CCL2 | prospective cohort | 85 ICH patients | Serum | 24 h | Serum CCL2 levels are independently associated with functional outcomes | Hammond et al. (2014) |
| CCL5 | prospective cohort | 15 ICH patients, 10 controls | Serum | 1–3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 30 days | No significant association was found | Li et al. (2012) |
| CCL23 | prospective | 94 ICH patients, 47 controls | Serum | Within 24 h | Serum CCL23 levels was highly related to ICH severity and inflammatory response; CCL23 ≥ 62.95 pg./mL served as an independent predictor of 6-month unfavorable outcome and death | Lin et al. (2022) |
| CXCL8 | / | 4 deceased ICH patients, 24 ICH patients, 20 controls | Brain samples, serum | Within 24 h | CXCL8 elevated in blood samples of ICH patients | Rosell et al. (2011) |
| CXCL12 | cohort | 105 ICH patients, 105 healthy controls | Serum | Within 24 h | CXCL12 concentrations had positive correlation with NIHSS scores and hematoma volume. Serum CXCL12 was independently associated with the mortality, overall survival, and unfavorable outcome | Shen et al. (2017) |
| CX3CL1/CX3CR1 | prospective cohort | 30 ICH patients | Serum | Within 7 days | Serum CX3CL1 concentration was relative to smaller hematoma volume and better outcome | You et al. (2022) |
| CX3CL1/CX3CR1 | / | 15 TBI/ICH patients, 5 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms | Brain tissue | / | Higher CX3CR1 expression in neurons was associated with better clinical conditions of patients at admission | Gaetani et al. (2013) |
ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; TBI, traumatic brain injury.