Table 5.
Summary of drugs in clinical usage or under clinical trials targeting on chemokines and chemokine receptors in cerebrovascular diseases.
| Target | Drug | Conditions | Aim of study | Study outcomes and status | Phase | Clinical trial number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 | Bindarit | Coronary restenosis | Assess the efficacy and safety of different dosages in preventing restenosis | Completed. No significant differences in in-segment, and MACE rates; significant reduction in the in-stent late loss | Phase 2 | NCT01269242 Colombo et al. (2016) |
| CCR2 | MLN1202 | Atherosclerosis | Evaluate the potential of MLN1202 to reduce circulating levels of C-reactive protein in patients with risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | Completed. MLN1202 treatment resulted in significant reductions in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels | Phase 2 | NCT00715169 Gilbert et al. (2011) |
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | Stroke | Maraviroc to augment rehabilitation outcomes after stroke (MAROS) | Terminated. Only 2 participants were enrolled; No data displayed; Participants exited study prior to 6-month assessment | Phase 2/3 | NCT03172026 |
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | Stroke | RCT to analyze the effect of Maraviroc and exercise to improve extremity recovery after a stroke | Not yet recruiting | Phase 2 | NCT04789616 |
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | Post-stroke cognitive impairment | Investigate the safety and efficacy of Maraviroc in post-stroke impairment | Recruiting. No results. | Phase 2 | NCT04966429 Assayag et al. (2022) |
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients | Efficacy of Maraviroc in modulating atherosclerosis in HIV patients | Completed. Maraviroc intensification modulates atherosclerotic progression in HIV-suppressed patients at high cardiovascular risk | Phase 4 | NCT03402815 Francisci et al. (2019) |
| CXCL12 | JVS-100 | Severe peripheral arterial disease | Investigate the efficacy of JVS-100 on composite endpoints of wound progression, healing, and limb loss in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease | Unknown. JVS-100 failed to improve wound healing or hemodynamic measures at 3 months | Phase 2 | NCT02544204 Shishehbor et al. (2019) |
| CXCL12 | JVS-100 | Ischemic heart failure | Assess the safety and efficacy of using JVS-100 to treat heart failure | Completed. JVS-100 improved heart failure symptoms in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy | Phase 1 | NCT01643590 Penn et al. (2013) |
| CXCL12 | ACRX-100 | Ischemic heart failure | Evaluate the safety of a single escalating dose of ACRX-100 in adults with ischemic heart failure | Completed. No results posted | Phase 1 | NCT01082094 |
| CXCR2 | AZD5069 | Atherosclerotic coronary disease | Determine whether CXCR2 inhibition will improve coronary endothelial function in patients following PCI for atherosclerotic coronary disease | Ongoing. No results posted | Phase 2 | EudraCT 2016-000775-24 |
| CXCR4 | POL6326 | Large reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction | Investigate the effects of POL6326 as a stem cell mobilizing agent on cardiac function and infarct size | Completed. No results posted | Phase 2 | NCT01905475 |
MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; RCT, randomized controlled trial; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PCI, percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention.