TABLE 1.

Prevalence of livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), and community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) in different countries.

Sr. No	Year of study	Prevalence	Sample size	Sample sources	Country	References
Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA)
	2021	24.59%	787	Bovine milk samples	Pakistan	Lodhi et al., 2021
	2021	15.6%	200	Goat milk samples	Pakistan	Muzammil et al., 2021
	2020	30.0%	100	Tracheal and nasal samples of quails	Portuguese	Silva et al., 2021
	2020	30.43% in cats, 33.91% dogs, 25% in humans, and 50% in environment	384	Swab samples from cats, dogs, and environment	Pakistan	Shoaib et al., 2020
	2018	38.6%	95	Dairy cattle milk and nasal samples	Malaysia	Aklilu and Chia, 2020
	2017	34.0%	900	Bovine milk samples	Pakistan	Aqib et al., 2017
	2014	47.6%	450	Cow milk samples	China	Pu et al., 2014
	2013	6.3% from milk samples, 4.7% from hand and nose samples, 1.2% from farm environment	1146	559 milk samples, 86 hand and nose samples, 501 farm environment samples	Korea	Lim et al., 2013
	2012	71.5%	500	Swab samples of turkeys	Germany	Richter et al., 2012
	2011	16.7%	280	Cattle milk samples	Germany	Spohr et al., 2011
	2011	78% farm level 28% animal level	2151	Nasal samples of veal calves	Netherlands	Bos et al., 2012
	2009	1.41%	142	Cattle milk samples	Switzerland	Huber et al., 2010
	2009	2.9% in pigs and 1.6% in calves	1100	Nasal swabs from pigs and calves	Switzerland	Huber et al., 2010
	2007	0.4%	595	Cattle milk samples	Hungary	Juhász-Kaszanyitzky et al., 2007
Hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)
	2008–2016	38.9%	318	Nose, ear, blood, pus, wounds, abscesses, eyes, genital	Norway	Enger et al., 2022
	2015–2017	45.0% (658/1466)	1466	Hospital patients	China	Chen et al., 2022
	2017–2021	26.0%	76	Ear, rectal swabs, oropharyngeal, nose, skin, wound, conjunctiva, bone, urine, synovial and peritoneal fluid, lymph node	Italy	La Vecchia et al., 2022
	2011–2019	35.1%	210	Inpatients and outpatients	Japan	Hosaka et al., 2022
	2018–2019	21.0%	164	Blood and soft tissues	Japan	Ogura et al., 2022
	2014–2020	23.4%	565	Blood, pus, wound exudate, sputum	China	Wang et al., 2022
	2020	15.1%	456	Blood	Australia	Coombs et al., 2022
	2021	34.8%	295	Urine, sputum, wound swabs, nasal swabs, fomites	Nigeria	Ugwu et al., 2022
	2019–2020	55.7%	97	Wound, pus, CSF, blood, skin lesions, sputum, joint fluid, ear, nose, throat	Iran	Tabandeh et al., 2022
	2021	19.1%	47	Nose, pharynx, and mobile phone	Mexico	Hamdan-Partida et al., 2022
	2020	43.44%	200	Wound, nose, cerebrospinal fluid of patients	Pakistan	ur Rehman et al., 2020
	2019	50%	742	children	Uganda	Kateete et al., 2019
	2017	52%	180	Human blood	Pakistan	Siddiqui et al., 2017
	2016	4.6%	726	Health care workers	Germany	Sassmannshausen et al., 2016
	2013	58.4%	1487	Humans	Portugal	Tavares et al., 2013
	2009	46.0%	6743	Humans	India	Arora et al., 2010
	2004	25.0%	758	Human patients	Texas	Davis et al., 2004
Community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
	2008–2016	61.0%	318	Nose, ear, blood, pus, wounds, abscesses, eyes, genital	Norway	Enger et al., 2022
	2015–2017	24.0% (105/434)	434	Community settings	China	Chen et al., 2022
	2018–2019	79.0%	164	Blood and soft tissues	Japan	Ogura et al., 2022
	2019–2020	16.0%	25	Nasal swabs	Egypt	Mostafa et al., 2022
		31.2%	565	Blood, pus, wound exudate, sputum,		Wang et al., 2022
	2020	84.9%	456	Blood	Australia	Coombs et al., 2022
	2021	28.7%	295	Urine, sputum, wound swabs, nasal swabs, fomites	Nigeria	Ugwu et al., 2022
	2019–2020	44.3%	97	Wound, pus, CSF, blood, skin lesions, sputum, joint fluid, ear, nose, throat	Iran	Tabandeh et al., 2022
	2018	23.5%	152	Nasal swabs	Pacific Asia	Wong et al., 2018
	2017	2.8%	404	Pig ear swab	China	Bi et al., 2018
	2017	1.7%	753	Nasal sample	China	Bi et al., 2018
	2012	64.7%	178	Pus sample	India	Alvarez-Uria and Reddy, 2012
	2009	38.5%	120	Dialysis patients	United Kingdom	Johnson et al., 2009
	2005	12.82%	14253	Nasal and inguinal swabs	Switzerland	Harbarth et al., 2005
	2005	7.3%	726	Anterior nares culture	Atlanta Georgia	Hidron et al., 2005