TABLE 2.
Distribution of the study population by their measured socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and their correlation with the four-tested immune response biomarkers.
|
N = 952 (valid %) |
Anti-S IgG N = 952 (n, valid %) |
P-value | Anti-N IgG N = 952 (n, valid %) |
P-value | Neutralizing IgG N = 952 (n, valid %) |
P-value | T-cell response N = 925 (n, valid %) |
P-value | |||||
|
Mean: 648.1 ± 641.7 SD Median = 357.5 stockticker BAU/ml (IQR: 173–930.5) Range: 25–2,080 |
Mean: 145.0 ± 74.8 SD Median = 146.5 COI (IQR: 92.0–205.5) Range: 0.0–320.0 |
Mean: 363.1 ± 339.4 SD Median = 172.0 AU/ml (IQR: 51–800) Range: 3–810 |
Yes 353 (38.2%) |
No 572 (61.8%) |
|||||||||
| <357.5 | ≥357.5 | <146.5 | ≥146.5 | <172.0 | ≥172.0 | ||||||||
| Age median, IQR–year (range, mean ± SD) |
35.0, 29.0–41 (20–65, 35.5 ± 8.40) |
34.0, 28.0–41.0 (34.7 ± 8.4) |
36.0, 30.0–42.0 (36.3 ± 8.4) |
0.0031 | 34.0, 28.0–41.0 (35.1 ± 8.5) |
36.0, 30.0–42.0 (36.0 ± 8.3) |
0.0491 | 34.0, 28.0–41.0 (34.8 ± 8.3) |
36.0, 30.0–42.0 (36.2 ± 8.5) |
0.0181 | 36.0, 30.0–42.0 (36.6 ± 8.7) |
36.0, 29.5–42.0 (34.8 ± 8.2) |
0.0021 |
| Missing | 5 | ||||||||||||
| Nationality | <0.001 | 0.360 | <0.001 | 0.017 | |||||||||
| Asian | 881 (92.5) | 424 (48.1) | 457 (51.9) | 441 (50.1) | 440 (49.9) | 423 (48.0) | 458 (52.0) | 335 (39.1) | 523 (60.9) | ||||
| African | 66 (6.9) | 50 (75.8) | 16 (21.2) | 31 (47.0) | 35 (53.0) | 51 (77.3) | 15 (22.7) | 15 (23.8) | 48 (76.2) | ||||
| Others | 5 (0.5) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (60.0) | 4 (80.0) | 1 (20.0) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||||
| Education | |||||||||||||
| Primary education and below2 | 502 (52.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Secondary education | 352 (37.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| University and postgraduate levels | 93 (9.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Missing | 5 | ||||||||||||
| Tobacco smoking | 0.030 | 0.507 | 0.258 | 0.780 | |||||||||
| Current smoker | 203 (21.4) | 116 (57.1) | 87 (42.9) | 106 (52.2) | 97 (47.8) | 112 (55.2) | 91 (44.8) | 76 (39.0) | 119 (61.0) | ||||
| Ex-smoker | 45 (4.7) | 26 (57.8) | 19 (42.2) | 25 (55.6) | 20 (44.4) | 22 (48.9) | 23 (51.1) | 15 (33.3) | 30 (66.7) | ||||
| Never-smoker | 699 (73.4) | 332 (47.5) | 367 (52.5) | 341 (48.8) | 358 (51.2) | 340 (48.6) | 359 (51.4) | 260 (38.1) | 422 (61.9) | ||||
| Missing | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Received flu shot | 0.082 | 0.559 | 0.082 | 0.027 | |||||||||
| Yes | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (100) | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100) | 348 (37.9) | 571 (62.1) | ||||
| No | 944 (99.2) | 474 (50.2) | 470 (49.8) | 470 (49.8) | 474 (50.2) | 474 (50.2) | 470 (49.8) | 3 (100) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| Missing | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| BMI, median, IQR (mean: 25.3 ± 3.8 SD) |
25.2, 22.6–27.7 | 25.0, 22.3–27.7 | 25.4, 22.8–27.6 | 0.117 | 25.3, 22.6–27.9 | 25.2, 22.6–27.3 | 0.528 | 25.2, 22.6–27.8 | 25.2, 22.6–27.4 | 0.875 | 25.4 22.8–28.0 | 25.07 22.5–27.5 |
0.0501 |
| Underweight | 28 (3.2) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | 0.339 | 13 (46.4) | 15 (53.6) | 0.972 | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | 0.149 | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | 0.576 |
| Normal weight | 386 (44.2) | 200 (51.8) | 186 (48.2) | 197 (51.0) | 189 (49.0) | 186 (48.2) | 200 (51.8) | 140 (37.3) | 235 (62.7) | ||||
| Overweight | 357 (40.9) | 173 (48.5) | 184 (51.5) | 180 (50.4) | 177 (49.6) | 183 (51.3) | 174 (48.7) | 136 (39.0) | 213 (61.0) | ||||
| Obese | 102 (11.7) | 43 (42.2) | 59 (57.8) | 52 (51.0) | 50 (49.0) | 43 (42.2) | 59 (57.8) | 41 (42.3) | 56 (57.7) | ||||
| Missing | 5 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||
| BMI, median, IQR (mean: 25.3 ± 3.8 SD) |
25.2, 22.6–27.7 | 25.0, 22.3–27.7 | 25.4, 22.8–27.6 | 0.117 | 25.3, 22.6–27.9 | 25.2, 22.6–27.3 | 0.528 | 25.2, 22.6–27.8 | 25.2, 22.6–27.4 | 0.875 | 25.4 22.8–28.0 | 25.07 22.5–27.5 |
0.0501 |
| Underweight | 28 (3.2) | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | 0.339 | 13 (46.4) | 15 (53.6) | 0.972 | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | 0.149 | 8 (28.6) | 20 (71.4) | 0.576 |
| Normal weight | 386 (44.2) | 200 (51.8) | 186 (48.2) | 197 (51.0) | 189 (49.0) | 186 (48.2) | 200 (51.8) | 140 (37.3) | 235 (62.7) | ||||
| Overweight | 357 (40.9) | 173 (48.5) | 184 (51.5) | 180 (50.4) | 177 (49.6) | 183 (51.3) | 174 (48.7) | 136 (39.0) | 213 (61.0) | ||||
| Obese | 102 (11.7) | 43 (42.2) | 59 (57.8) | 52 (51.0) | 50 (49.0) | 43 (42.2) | 59 (57.8) | 41 (42.3) | 56 (57.7) | ||||
| Missing | 79 | 28 | 48 | ||||||||||
| Chronic comorbidities | 0.178 | 0.025 | 0.343 | 0.069 | |||||||||
| No | 843 (89.3) | 427 (50.7) | 416 (49.3) | 410 (48.6) | 433 (51.4) | 426 (50.5) | 417 (49.5) | 304 (37.1) | 516 (62.9) | ||||
| Yes, at least one3 | 101 (10.7) | 44 (43.6) | 57 (56.4) | 61 (60.4) | 40 (39.6) | 46 (45.5) | 55 (54.5) | 46 (46.5) | 53 (53.5) | ||||
| Missing | 8 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Tested PCR positive in the past 12 months | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 | 0.518 | |||||||||
| No | 830 (87.8) | 453 (54.6) | 377 (45.4) | 429 (51.7) | 401 (48.3) | 451 (54.3) | 379 (45.7) | 307 (37.9) | 503 (62.1) | ||||
| Yes | 115 (12.2) | 21 (18.3) | 94 (81.7) | 43 (37.4) | 72 (62.6) | 22 (19.1) | 93 (80.9) | 46 (41.1) | 66 (58.9) | ||||
| Missing | 7 | 3 | |||||||||||
1P-values extracted from the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test comparing distribution across groups.
299 with no education.
339 (4.1%), 66 (7.0%), 17 (1.8%), 2 (0.2%), 2 (0.2%), and 1 (0.1) with diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, heart problem, asthma/COPD disease, and cancer, respectively.