FIGURE 1:

Schematic view of the two pathophysiological and clinical relationships participating in views of chronic renocardiac syndrome (RCS) or type 4 cardiorenal syndrome: the classical restricted one (left part of the figure) and the emerging expanding one (right part of the figure). The depicted photographs are the following: ischemic vascular disease: angiographic view of obstructive coronary artery disease (left) and diminished density of coronary microvessels (right). Cardiac valve disease: macroscopic appearance of aortic stenosis (left) and mitral regurgitation (right). Chronic congestive heart failure: clinical aspect of jugular engorgement (left) and peripheral oedema (right). Progression of chronic heart failure: oxygen therapy in a patient suffering from stage D heart failure. Cardiac dysrhythmias: electrocardiographic image of ventricular tachycardia (left) and atrial fibrillation (right).