Table 1.
Some examples of candidates identified as potential mediators and/or biomarkers of the mechanisms involved in renocardiac syndromes
| Type of observation | Type of RCS | Potential mediators | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Chronic | microRNA-21 | [47] |
| TGF-β1 | [48] | ||
| Renal sympathetic nerve activity | [49] | ||
| TWEAK-Fn14 | [50, 51] | ||
| α-Klotho | [52] | ||
| Acute | Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 | [53] | |
| Dynamin-related protein-1 | [54] | ||
| TWEAK-Fn14 | [55, 56] | ||
| “Omics” | Chronic | Indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate | [57] |
| TMAO | [58, 59] | ||
| FGF23 | [57] | ||
| Acute | ADMA | [60] | |
| FGF23 | [61] | ||
| Clinical | Chronic | CRP, IL-6, IL-1β | [62, 63] |
| PICP, CITP:MMP-1 | [64] | ||
| α-Klotho | [65, 66] | ||
| Soluble TWEAK | [67, 68] | ||
| Acute | High blood pressure | [69] |
Abbreviations: ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; CRP, C reactive protein; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; Fn14, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; PICP, C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I; CITP:MMP-1, C-terminal telopeptide of procollagen type I to matrix metalloproteinase-1 ratio; RCS, renocardiac syndrome; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; TWEAK, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.