Table 2.

Some examples of aspects related to renocardiac syndromes that remain to be investigated and developed in the context of cardionephrology (adapted from Hatamizadeh [114])

Aspects	Examples
Epidemiology	High prevalence of CV-related conditions beyond CHF or ADHF in CKD and AKI patients, respectively
Risk factors	Common classical and emerging risk factors to CKD and chronic CV disease, and to AKI and acute CV disease
Pathophysiology	Emerging pathogenic connections between the kidney and the heart when CKD or AKI are present
Diagnosis	Interference of CKD or AKI on clinical presentation, and indication and interpretation of biomarkers of CV injury and/or dysfunction
Prognosis	Influence of coexisting kidney and CV injury/dysfunction on mutual worsening function and clinical outcomes
Prevention	Modified prophylactic targets of CV disease when CKD or AKI are the initiating conditions
Treatment	Interference of CKD or AKI on the indication of certain modalities of CV therapy
Monitoring	Influence of CKD and AKI on follow-up strategies of associated chronic and acute CV complications
Research	Identify differential phenotypes of renocardiac syndromes using personalized medicine-based approaches

Abbreviations: ADHF, acute decompensated HF; AKI; acute kidney injury; CHF, chronic heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular.