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. 2023 Jan 10;15:1098766. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1098766

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Copyright © 2023 Liu, Qi, Wang, Ni, Gao, Zhou, Chen, He, Sun, Wang, Cai and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Study outline, sample workflow and clinical outcomes before and after 4-week treatment. (A) The detailed process of screening, enrollment, randomization, and treatment. (B) Workflow from sample collection to exosome identification, small RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. (C) Clinical outcomes of trAMWoA and shAMWoA in baseline and after 4-week treatment. * represents p < 0.05, ** represents p < 0.01. HCs, healthy controls; trAMWoA, migraine without aura patients receiving true acupuncture treatment; shAMWoA, migraine without aura patients receiving sham acupuncture treatment; TA, true acupuncture; SA, sham acupuncture; NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; WB, western blotting; VAS, visual analogue scale; Headache Impact Test-6 scale, HIT-6; MSQ, migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire; MWoA, migraine without aura.