TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Studies | Country | Study design | Participant | Sex | Sample size | Trial duration (Week) | Means age (Year) |
Means BMI (kg/m2) |
Intervention | |||||
| IG | CG | IG | CG | IG | CG | GT type | GT dose (mg/day) | EGCG dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| Freese et al. (52) | Finland | DB/R/PL | Healthy females | F | 10 | 10 | 4 | 32.8 | 34.3 | 22.3 | 22.8 | GTE | 3000 | |
| Maron et al. (74) | China | DB/R/PL | Subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia | F/M | 114 | 106 | 8 | 54.4 | 55 | 24 | 24.4 | capsule containing theaflavin-enriched GTE | 375 | |
| Kovacs et al. (36) | Netherlands | RCT | Overweight and moderately obese male and female subjects | F/M | 70 | 34 | 13 | 18-60 | 18-60 | 25-35 | 25-35 | GTE | 2700 | 323 |
| Fukino et al. (59) | Japan | RCT | T2DM patients | F/M | 33 | 33 | 8 | 53.5 | 53.5 | 25.5 | 25.9 | mixture of GTE and green tea powder | 544 | |
| Westerterp-Plantenga et al. (51) (A) | Netherlands | DB/R/PL | Overweight and moderately obese subjects | F/M | 19 | 19 | 13 | 18-60 | 18-61 | 29.6 | 29.5 | GT caffeine mixture | 270 | 270 |
| Westerterp-Plantenga et al. (51) (B) | Netherlands | DB/R/PL | Overweight and moderately obese subjects | F/M | 19 | 19 | 13 | 18-60 | 18-61 | 29.6 | 29.5 | GT caffeine mixture | 271 | 271 |
| Chan et al. (75) | China | RCT | Obese patients with PCOS | F | 17 | 17 | 12 | 34.8 | 34.8 | 30.9 | 30.9 | GTE | 540 | 540 |
| Diepvens et al. (33) | Netherlands | DB/R/PL | Overweight female subjects | F | 23 | 23 | 8 | 41.7 | 41.6 | 27.7 | 27.7 | GTE | 310 | |
| Hill et al. (26) | Australia | RCT | Overweight or obese postmenopausal women | F | 19 | 19 | 12 | 45-70 | 45-70 | 25-39.9 | 25-39.9 | EGCG | 300 | 300 |
| Nagao et al. (40) | Japan | DB/R/PL | Women and men with visceral fat-type obesity | F/M | 123 | 117 | 12 | 41.7 | 41.7 | 26.8 | 26.8 | GTE | 583 | |
| Fukino et al. (60) | Japan | RCT/cross-over | T2DM patients | F/M | 60 | 60 | 8 | 53.9 | 53.4 | 25.4 | 26 | mixture of GTE and GT powder | 544 | |
| Hsu et al. (34) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL | Obese women | F | 41 | 37 | 12 | 43 | 43.9 | 31.2 | 30.5 | GTE | 1200 | |
| Brown et al. (30) | UK | DB/R/PL | Overweight or obese male subjects | M | 46 | 42 | 8 | 52.15 | 50.57 | 31.21 | 30.96 | EGCG | 800 | 800 |
| Nagao et al. (61) | Japan | DB/R | T2DM patients | F/M | 23 | 20 | 12 | 64.9 | 62.8 | NA | NA | mixture of GTE and brewed green tea | 582.8 | |
| Hursel and Westerterp-Plantenga, (50) (A) | Netherlands | DB/R/PL | Overweight and moderately obese subjects | F/M | 40 | 40 | 13 | 44 | 44 | 29.6 | 29.6 | GT caffeine mixture | 270 | 270 |
| Hursel and Westerterp-Plantenga, (50) (B) | Netherlands | DB/R/PL | Overweight and moderately obese subjects | F/M | 40 | 40 | 13 | 44 | 44 | 29.6 | 29.6 | GT–caffeine mixture | 271 | 271 |
| Frank et al. (24) | UK | RCT | Healthy men | M | 17 | 16 | 3 | 41 | 40 | 26.7 | 25.4 | GTE | 2304 | |
| Nantz et al. (49) | USA | DB/R/PL | Healthy adult | F/M | 61 | 63 | 3 | 28.9 | 30 | 25.4 | 24.3 | decaffeinated GTE | 400 | |
| Mohammadi et al. (62) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 29 | 29 | 8 | 55.14 | 55.14 | 28.64 | 29.37 | GTE | 1500 | |
| Sone et al. (44) | Japan | RCT | Those who participated in a weight loss program at Sendai Health Promotion Center | F/M | 25 | 26 | 9 | 43.2 | 48.2 | 24.6 | 24.5 | catechin-enriched GT | 400 | |
| Hsu et al. (63) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 35 | 33 | 16 | 50.5 | 52.2 | NA | NA | Decaffeinated GTE | 1500 | 856.8 |
| Brown et al. (31) | UK | DB/R/PL cross-over | Overweight and obese men | M | 67 | 70 | 6 | 49.5 | 49.4 | 31.7 | 31.4 | GTE | 1060 | 800 |
| Basu et al. (82) | USA | SB/R/PL | Obese subjects with metabolic syndrome | F/M | 10 | 12 | 8 | 39.5 | 44.6 | 36.1 | 36.1 | GTE | 500 | 250 |
| Bogdanski et al. (77) | Poland | DB/R/PL | Obese, hypertensive patients | F/M | 28 | 28 | 12 | 42.9 | 51.5 | 32.5 | 33.9 | GTE | 379 | 208 |
| Suliburska et al. (41) | Poland | DB/R/PL | Obese Patients | F/M | 23 | 23 | 12 | 48.56 | 52.26 | 32.7 | 33.45 | GTE | 379 | 208 |
| Wu et al. (43) (A) | USA | DB/R/PL | Healthy postmenopausal women | F | 37 | 16 | 8 | 59.6 | 57.7 | 29.9 | 29.1 | GTE | 400 | |
| Wu et al. (43) (B) | USA | DB/R/PL | Healthy postmenopausal women | F | 34 | 16 | 8 | 62 | 57.7 | 28 | 29.1 | GTE | 800 | |
| Miyazaki et al. (39) | Japan | RCT | Active older people | F/M | 25 | 25 | 14 | 68.7 | 68.7 | 22.3 | 23 | GTE | 630.9 | 228 |
| Fukuzawa et al. (79) | Japan | RCT | NASH patients | F/M | 26 | 12 | 24 | 53.9 | 48.4 | 30.3 | 30.2 | GTE | 750 | 315.6 |
| Lasaite et al. (64) | Lithuania | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 17 | 14 | 36 | 57.2 | 56.8 | NA | NA | GTE | 400 | |
| Mielgo-Ayuso et al. (38) | Spain | DB/R/PL | Obese women | F | 43 | 40 | 12 | 19-49 | 19-49 | 33.7 | 34.3 | GTE | 300 | 300 |
| Liu et al. (65) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 46 | 46 | 16 | 55.06 | 53.56 | 26.2 | 26.4 | decaffeinated GTE | 500 | 856.8 |
| Mirzaei et al. (72) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 26 | 46 | 8 | 54.56 | 54.56 | 30.5 | 29.78 | GTE | 1500 | |
| Chen et al. (32) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL | Women with central obesity | F | 39 | 38 | 12 | 44.1 | 44.9 | 31 | 30 | GTE | 500 | 856.8 |
| Dostal et al. (45) | USA | DB/R/PL | Overweight and obese postmenopausal women | F | 117 | 120 | 48 | 60.9 | 60.6 | 28.5 | 27.9 | GTE | 1315 | 843 |
| Dostal et al. (46) | USA | DB/R/PL | Overweight and obese postmenopausal women | F | 61 | 60 | 48 | 60.7 | 60 | 27.9 | 27.6 | GTE | 1315 | 843 |
| Borges et al. (66) | Brazil | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 23 | 24 | 12 | 63 | 59 | 30.6 | 32.7 | GTE | 800 | 800 |
| Lee et al. (83) | China | DB/R/PL | Patients with chronic stable angina | F/M | 38 | 39 | 6 | 62.6 | 61.5 | 25.3 | 25.9 | GTE | 750 | |
| Lu and Hsu, (37) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL | Post-adolescent women | F | 33 | 31 | 4 | 28 | 30.2 | 20.7 | 21.7 | decaffeinated GTE | 1500 | 858.6 |
| Samavat et al. (53) | USA | DB/R/PL | Postmenopausal women | F | 463 | 473 | 48 | 60.02 | 59.65 | 25.16 | 25.01 | GTE | 1315 | 843 |
| Nogueira et al. (78) | Brazil | DB/R/PL cross-over | Obese prehypertensive women | F | 20 | 20 | 4 | 41.1 | 41.1 | 33.56 | 33.56 | GTE | 1500 | |
| Mombaini et al. (76) | Iran | DB/R/PL cross-over | Women with PCOS | F | 22 | 23 | 6 | 23.22 | 24.17 | 28.96 | 28.9 | GT | 500 | |
| Kafeshani et al. (47) | Iran | DB/R/PL | Healthy adult men | M | 16 | 16 | 6 | 20.94 | 21.19 | 22.6 | 22.82 | GTE | 450 | |
| Tabatabaee et al. (80) | Iran | DB/R/PL | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | F/M | 21 | 24 | 12 | 41 | 39.5 | NA | NA | GT | 550 | |
| Rostamian et al. (55) | Iran | RCT | Sedentary postmenopausal women | F | 14 | 14 | 2 | 54 | 54 | 28.8 | 28.8 | GTE | 1200 | |
| Hussain et al. (81) | Pakistan | RCT | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | F/M | 40 | 40 | 12 | 25 | 28 | 29.5 | 28.6 | GTE | 1000 | |
| de Amorim et al. (70) | Brazil | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 16 | 19 | 20 | ≥ 18 years old |
≥18 years old |
NA | NA | green tea extract | 1120 | > 97% pure EGCG |
| Amozadeh et al. (54) | Iran | RCT | Overweight and obese females | F | 13 | 13 | 8 | 28.14 | 27.12 | 33.44 | 32.7 | GTE | 100 | |
| Tadayon et al. (42) | Iran | DB/R/PL | Postmenopausal women | F | 39 | 40 | 4 | 53.7 | 52.9 | 26.9 | 30.1 | GTE | 800 | |
| Zandi Dareh Gharibi et al. (67) | Iran | RCT | T2DM patients | F | 12 | 10 | 10 | 50.66 | 55.9 | 32.6 | 34.61 | GTE | 1500 | |
| Hosseini et al. (71) (A) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 20 | 10 | 8 | 52.25 | 55.25 | 29.48 | 28.35 | EGCG | 300 | 300 |
| Hosseini et al. (71) (B) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 20 | 10 | 8 | 53.6 | 55.25 | 29.59 | 28.35 | EGCG | 300 | 300 |
| Maeda-Yamamoto et al. (48) (A) | Japan | DB/R/PL | Healthy adults | F/M | 38 | 37 | 12 | 49.8 | 48.5 | 23.9 | 23.3 | GTE | 322.2 | 322.2 |
| Maeda-Yamamoto et al. (48) (B) | Japan | DB/R/PL | Healthy adults | F/M | 39 | 37 | 12 | 49.5 | 48.5 | 23.3 | 23.3 | GTE | 323.6 | 323.6 |
| Huang et al. (73) | Taiwan | DB/R/PL cross-over | Overweight and obese women with high levels of LDL-C | F | 36 | 37 | 6 | 53.1 | 56.8 | 29.1 | 27.9 | GTE | 856.8 | 856.8 |
| Azizbeigi et al. (129) | Iran | RCT | Obese men | M | 10 | 10 | 8 | 23.9 | 22.8 | 31.8 | 30.8 | GTE | 500 | |
| Sobhani et al. (68) (A) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F | 11 | 11 | 8 | 62.52 | 60.82 | 26.82 | 26.88 | GT | 1500 | |
| Sobhani et al. (68) (B) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F | 11 | 11 | 8 | 60.91 | 62.75 | 27.7 | 27.6 | GT + excercise | 1500 | |
| Quezada-Fernandez et al. (69) | Mexico | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 10 | 10 | 12 | 50.2 | 56.1 | 29.8 | 30.4 | Decaffeinated GTE | 400 | |
| Bagheri et al. (57) | Iran | DB/R/PL | Overweight middle-aged men | M | 15 | 15 | 8 | 44.6 | 43.8 | 27.3 | 27.2 | GTE | 500 | 45% |
| Bagheri et al. (58) | Iran | DB/R/PL | Overweight female | F | 10 | 10 | 8 | 37.6 | 39.5 | 27.49 | 26.7 | GTE | 500 | 45% |
| Zhang et al. (56) | Japan | DB/R/PL | Overweight and obese men | M | 12 | 12 | 12 | 42.5 | 37.2 | 28.4 | 27.7 | GTE | 300 | 300 |
| Bazyar et al. (130) | Iran | DB/R/PL | T2DM patients | F/M | 22 | 22 | 8 | 51.75 | 52.61 | 29.46 | 29.28 | GTE | 60 | |
R, randomized; PL, placebo-controlled; DB, double blind; RCT, randomized clinical trials; M, male; F, female; IG, intervention group; CG, control group; NA, not available; BMI, body mass index; GT, green tea; GTE, green tea extract, T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; LDL-C, low-density cholesterol; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate.