. 2023 Jan 10;4:1061087. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1061087

Table 3.

Studies examining the effects of athletic training programs on measures of physical fitness and stroke velocity in healthy tennis players.

Reference	No. of subjects (sex); age [years (range or mean ± SD)]; performance level	Groups/training devices	Trainings modality No. of training weeks/frequency/sessions, single session duration, total duration per week No. of sets, reps, duration per exercise	Exercises	Test modality	Results
Mont et al. (24)	30, M; 18–42 years; tournament level	EG1 (n = 8): eccentric internal and external shoulder training EG2 (n = 9): concentric internal and external shoulder training CG (n = 13): no training	6 wk, 3 d, 18 sessions, N/A, N/A 8 sets of 10 reps	Isokinetic shoulder rotation	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.77$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.86$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.13$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.93 (0.01, 1.86)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.66 (- 0.22, 1.53)$
Treiber et al. (25)	22, F (11), M (11); 21,2 years; college level	EG (n = 11): shoulder resistance training CG (n = 11): regular tennis training	4 wk, 3 d, 12 sessions, N/A, N/A 2–4 sets of 20 reps	TheraBand exercises (slow and quick); “Empty can” exercises with light dumbbell	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.38$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.12$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.25 (- 0.58, 1.09)$
Kraemer et al. (10)	24, F; 17–21 years; college level	EG1 (n = 8): periodized training EG2 (n = 8): single-set circuit resistance training program CG (n = 8): regular tennis training	9 mo, 2–3 d, 100 sessions, 90 min; 180–270 min 14 exercises EG1: 2–4 sets of 4–6, 8–10 or 12-15 reps EG2: 1 set of 8–10 reps	Leg press, bench press, single curls, bent over rows, dumbbell lunge, split squat, military press, single knee, front pull downs, back extensions, internal/external rotations, sit-ups/crunches, hip tucks, wrist extensions/curls	Lower-extremity muscle power: Vertical jump height [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.02$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.19$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.05$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.54 (0.14, 2.27)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.07 (- 0.91, 1.05)$
					Upper-extremity muscle strength: 1-RM bench press [kg]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.42$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.64$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.26$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.13 (0.90, 3.36)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.78 (0.62, 2.94)$
					Endurance: Ergometer test [Watt]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.80$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.16$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.05$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.37 (0.28, 2.46)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.26 (- 0.72, 1.25)$
					Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [m/s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.84$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 1.84$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.41$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.17 (- 0.79, 1.12)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.06 (- 0.87, 0.99)$
Kraemer et al. (11)	27, F; 19 ± 1 years; college level	EG1 (n = 9): non-linear periodized resistance training EG2 (n = 10): non-periodized resistance training CG (n = 8): regular tennis practice	9 mo, 2–3 d, 100 sessions, 90 min; 180–270 min 12 exercises EG1: 2–3 sets of 4–6, 8–10 or 12–15 reps EG2: 2–3 sets of 8–10 reps	Leg press, bench press, single curls, bent over rows, dumbbell lunge, split squat, military press, single knee extensions, internal/external rotations, sit-ups/crunches, hip tucks, wrist extensions/curls	Endurance: VO2max [ml/kg/min]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.97$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.14$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.32$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.51 (1.20, 3.82)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.68 (- 0.33, 1.68)$
					Speed: 20 m sprint [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.38$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.41$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.39 (- 0.58, 1.35)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.29 (- 0.64, 1.23)$
					Agility: Lateral agility test [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.38$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.14$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.16$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.47 (- 0.50, 1.43)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.25 (- 0.69, 1.18)$
					Upper-extremity muscle strength: Handgrip strength [kg]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} 0.64$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} 0.74$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} - 0.34$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} 1.12 (0.09, 2.14)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} 0.87 (- 0.10, 1.84)$
					Lower-extremity muscle power: Vertical jump height [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 3.01$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.17$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.51$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.64 (1.34, 3.94)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.89 (0.77, 3.01)$
					Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [m/s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.95$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.03$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.41$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.79 (1.46, 4.13)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.29 (1.10, 3.49)$
Malliou et al. (26)	40, both genders; 13–14 years; N/A	EG1 (n = 20): strength training CG (n = 20): regular tennis training	7 wk, 3 d, 21 sessions, 15 min; 45 min EG: 2–3 sets of 10–15 reps	EG1: 6 exercises	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.53$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.09$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.26 (- 0.36, 0.88)$
Paul et al. (27)	20, M; 18–24 years; college level	EG1 (n = 10): agility training CG (n = 10): regular tennis training	EG: 7 wk, 4 d, 28 sessions, 30 min, 120 min 10 exercises	Ladder agility drill, lateral cone slalom, forward and backward cone slalom, spider run, cross cone, medicine ball mini-tennis	Agility: Illinois agility test [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.79$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.12$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.24 (0.29, 2.20)$
Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (28)	30, M; 14.2 ± 0.5 years; national ranked	EG (n = 15): strength training CG (n = 15): regular tennis training	6 wk, 3 d; 18 sessions, 60–70 min; 180–210 min 2 sets of 20 reps	EG: medicine ball exercises, core training, elbow extension, rowing, external rotation, shoulder abduction, diagonal pattern flexion, reverse throw, forward throw, wrist flexion/extension	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.62$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.05$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.98 (0.23, 1.74)$
Behringer et al. (14)	36, M; 15.03 ± 1.64 years, N/A	EG1 (n = 12): resistance training EG2 (n = 12): plyometric training CG (n = 12): regular tennis training	8 wk, 2 d, 16 sessions, 90 min, 180 min EG1: 8 exercises, 2 sets of 15 reps EG2: 6–8 exercises, 3–4 sets of 10–15 reps	EG1: low pulley dead lifts, flexion abdominal machine, seated back-extension machine, lateral flexion machine, leg-press, chest-press, lat-pull-down machine EG2: rope skipping, lateral barrier hop, box hopping, CMJ, SJ, push-ups, medicine ball chest pass	Stroke performance: Mean serve velocity [km/h]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.02$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.30$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.32$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.04 (- 0.76, 0.84)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.44 (0.54, 2.34)$
Behringer et al. (14)	36, M; 15.03 ± 1.64 years, N/A				Upper-extremity muscle strength: 10-RM chest press [kg]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.80$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.78$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.12$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.56 (- 0.26, 1.37)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.51 (- 0.30, 1.33)$
Genevois et al. (15)	44, M; 26.9 ± 7.5 years; ITN 3	EG1 (n = 12): handled medicine ball training EG2 (n = 20): overweight racket training CG (n = 12): regular tennis training	6 wk, 2 d, 90 min, 180 min EG1: 6 sets of 6 exercises EG2: 7–10 sets	EG1: medicine ball exercises EG2: 10 crosscourt forehand drives with overweight racket	Stroke performance: Maximal forehand velocity [m/s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.57$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.91$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.48$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.75 (0.81, 2.69)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.62 (- 0.20, 1.44)$
Ölcücü et al. (29)	40, M, 20-25 years; tournament level	EG1 (n = 20): plyometric training CG (n = 20): regular tennis training	8wk, 3d, 35 min, 105 min 2 sets of 12 reps	N/A	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [m/s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.94$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.11$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.60 (0.98, 2.31)$
Sannicandro et al. (30)	23, F (8), M (15); 12–14 years, N/A	EG (n = 11): balance training CG (n = 12): tennis-specific drills	6 wk, 2 d, 12 sessions, 30 min, 60 min EG: 3–4 sets of 5–10 reps, 6 exercises	EG: high skipping, diagonal 1-legged bounds, maintaining equilibrium before the last bound for 3 s, forwards bounds equilibrium before the last bound for 3 s, low rows using an elastic exercises band bound to a support performed against bipodalic inflatable disk, medicine ball chest passes with balancing on a bipodalic inflatable disk or standing on one leg, exercises with unstable surface	Speed: 20 m sprint [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.39 (- 0.58, 1.35)$
Sannicandro et al. (30)	23, F (8), M (15); 12–14 years, N/A				Agility: Foran test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.33$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.42 (0.46, 2.38)$
Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (31)	16, M, 16.9 ± 0.5 years; international ranked	EG (n = 8): combined explosive strength and repeated sprint training CG (n = 8): regular tennis training	8 wk, 3 d, 50–80 min, 150–240 min EG: sprint training: 3–4 sets of 5–6 reps explosive strength: 4–6 exercises with 3–4 sets of 12–15 reps	15-20 m sprint, CMJ, multilateral hops, plyometric jumps, step multilateral calf jumps, agility drills, resisted standing start sprints	Speed: 20 m sprint [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.50$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.20$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.90 (- 0.13, 1.93)$
					Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.43$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.11$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.73 (0.58, 2.88)$
					Endurance: VIFT [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.33$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0 (- 0.98, 0.98)$
Kara et al. (32)	20, N/A; 18-24 years; N/A	EG (n = 10): tennis specific strength training CG (n = 10): regular tennis training	6 wk; 3 d; 18 sessions; 45–60 min; 135–180 min 11 exercises, 3–4 sets of 8–12 reps/30 s	Squat, single arm, rotational service pull, isometric quarter squat, tennis serves shot throw, 2 arm 90/90 external rotation, reverse 90/90 throw, plyometric 90/90 internal rotation in service position, jump into single-leg Romanian dead lift, crunch, throwing medicine ball, jump at squat position and static stance	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.85$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.54$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.56 (- 1.46, 0.33)$
Fernandez-Fernandez et al (33)	60, M; 12.5 ± 0.3 years; national ranked	EG (n = 30): plyometric training for the upper and lower body CG (n = 30): regular tennis training	8 wk, 2 d, 16 sessions, 30–60 min, 60–120 min 4–8 exercises, 2–4 sets of 10–15 reps	Medicine ball throws, CMJ, 2/1-leg zigzag over lines, 2-leg multidirectional hurdle jumps, lateral bounds and stabilization, 1-foot ankle hop forward, 1-leg box jump	Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.44$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.14$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.27 (- 0.24, 0.78)$
					Speed: 20 m sprint [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.65$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.05$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.76 (0.23, 1.28)$
					Agility: 505 agility test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.45$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.10$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.38 (- 0.13, 0.89)$
					Upper-extremity muscle power: MBT [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.59$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.03$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.70 (0.17, 1.22)$
					Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.10$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.56 (0.04, 1.07)$
Fernandez-Fernandez et al. (34)	20, N/A; 14.8 ± 0.1 years; national ranked	EG (n = 10): mixed high intensity intermittent runs and tennis specific training CG (n = 10): tennis-specific drills	8 wk; 2 d; 16 sessions; 16-22 min, 32–44 min 2 sets of 8–11 min runs	Big x, suicide, recovery/defense, open pattern	Speed: 20 m sprint	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.42$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.32$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.08 (- 0.96, 0.80)$
					Agility: 505-agility test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.00$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.12$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.63 (- 0.27, 1.53)$
					Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.25$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.50$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.10 (- 0.78, 0.97)$
					Endurance: VO₂max [ml/kg/min]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.13$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.55$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.87 (- 0.05, 1.78)$
Terrazo-Rebollo et al. (35)	20, F (5), M (15); 15.5 ± 0.9 years, N/A	EG1 (n = 7): regular tennis training and training with overloads EG2 (n = 7): regular tennis training and medicine ball throws and elastic bands CG (n = 6): regular tennis training	8 wk, 3 d, 60 min, 180 min per session (120 min tennis and 60 min additional training) EG1: 9 exercises, 3 sets with 6-14 reps EG2: 8 exercises, 3 sets of 6 reps	EG1: bench press, trunk curl, leg press, forehand/backhand barbell, trunk extension, dumbbell lying shoulder external rotation, one arm dumbbell row to waist, standing high pulley internal rotation, barbell throw, squat EG2: forehand/backhand side throws, chest throws, two-arm overhand forward/backhand throws, one-arm overhead forward throws, side floor throws, two-arm trunk rotation, one-arm diagonal trunk flexion	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.42$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.14$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.11$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.24 (- 0.86, 1.33)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.18 (- 0.91, 1.27)$
Yildiz et al. (36)	28, M; 9.6 ± 0.7 years; N/A	EG1 (n = 10): traditional training EG2 (n = 10): functional training CG (n = 8): regular tennis training	8 wk, 3 d; 24 sessions; 70 min; 210 min 10 exercises, 3 sets of 10–12 reps	EG1: chest press, shoulder press, lateral pull-down, biceps curls, triceps push-down, seated leg extensions, leg curl, standing calf rise, modified push-up, sit-up EG2: squat, dead bug, plank, bridge, chop, lift, push up, pull up, medicine ball throw	Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.24$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.81$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.23$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.21 (0.20, 2.22)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.66 (1.38, 3.93)$
					Speed: 10 m sprint [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.18$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.55$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.23$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.75 (0.81, 2.69)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.62 (- 0.20, 1.44)$
					Agility: T-agility test [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.08$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.11$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.64 (- 1.60, 0.31)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.41 (- 2.45, - 0.38)$
					Balance: Y-balance test [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.25$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 3.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.12$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.53 (- 0.41, 1.48)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 3.06 (1.70, 4.43)$
					Flexibility: Sit-and-reach test [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.71$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.57 (- 0.38, 1.52)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.78 (1.48, 4.08)$
Bashir et al. (37)	30, N/A; 15.3 ± 0.8; N/A	EG (n = 15): core training CG (n = 15): control group	5 wk, 3 d, 15 sessions, N/A, N/A 3–5 exercises, 1–3 sets of 15–20 reps	Supine and quadruped abdominal muscle contraction, side bridge, dead bug supine, medicine ball rotation, squat, superman, oblique pulley with side shuffles, standing wall cross toss, diagonal curl, twist on a Swiss ball, single leg standing on unstable surface	Agility: T-agility test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.59$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.19$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.31 (0.52, 2.10)$
Ziagkas et al. (38)	24, M, 20.9 ± 0.7years	EG (n = 12): plyometric training CG (n = 12): watching tennis matches	8 wk, 2d, 16 sessions, 30 min, 60 min N/A, 2-4 sets of 10-15 reps	N/A	Agility: Spider-Test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.64$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.27 (0.63, 2.45)$
Kocyigit et al. (39)	24, M; 12–14 years, N/A	EG (n = 12): combined training CG (n = 12): regular tennis training	3 mo, 3 d, 36 sessions, 90 min, 270 min	EG: strength, speed, agility, endurance training; rope skipping, rally exercises	Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.77$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.89 (1.74, 4.03)$
Egesoy et al. (40)	36, F (15), M (21); 10–14 years, N/A	EG1 (n = 12): static core training EG2 (n = 12): dynamic core training CG (n = 12): regular tennis training	8 wk, 2d, 16 sessions, 25–30 min, 50–60 min 9 exercises, 2 sets of 20–40 s	EG1: front plank, side plank, leg raise hold, dead bug, bird and dogs, banana, superman, posterior plank, glute bridge hold EG2: plank climbers, supine plank leg lift, Russian twist, dead bug. Bird and dogs, leg raise, side plank, leg lift, plank leg extensions, reverse crunch	Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.33$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.58$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.09$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.11 (- 0.70, 0.91)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.17 (- 0.98, 0.63)$
					Flexibility: Sit-and-reach test [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.09$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.24$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.14 (- 0.94, 0.66)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.42 (- 1.23, 0.39)$
					Upper-extremity muscle strength: Handgrip strength [kg]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.71$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.78$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.10$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.48 (- 0.33, 1.29)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.30 (- 0.51, 1.10)$
					Speed: 10 m sprint [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.08$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.06$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.47 (- 0.34, 1.28)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.29 (- 0.52, 1.09)$
					Balance: Y-balance test [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.31$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.37$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.12$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.38 (- 0.43, 1.19)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.04 (- 0.76, 0.84)$
					Upper-extremity muscle power: Seated medicine ball throw test [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.20$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.31$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.07$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.46 (- 0.35, 1.27)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.37 (- 0.44, 1.18)$
					Stroke performance: Maximal serve velocity [km/h]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.19$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.19$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.03$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.24 (- 0.56, 1.05)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.16 (- 0.64, 0.96)$
Zirhli et al. (41)	20, F; 10–12 years; N/A	EG (n = 10): 2 d tennis training, 2 d functional training CG (n = 10): 4 d tennis training	8 wk, 4 d, 90 min, 360 min EG: 9 exercises, 3 sets of 7–10 reps	EG: burpees, bungee run, forward jump squat, plank, torso rotation, side to side run, agility run, side to side crash, reverse walking	Speed: 10 m sprint [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.71$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.13$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.81 (0.77, 2.85)$
					Lower-extremity muscle power: Vertical jump height [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.52$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.03$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.01 (0.08, 1.94)$
					Agility: T-agility test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.52$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.07$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.81 (0.77, 2.85)$
					Upper-extremity muscle strength: Handgrip strength [kg]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.96$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.02$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.43 (0.45, 2.41)$
					Endurance: Wingate anaerobic power test [no.]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.01$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.11$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.74 (0.71, 2.77)$
					Flexibility: Sit-and-reach test [cm]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.57$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.13$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = 0.83 (- 0.09, 1.74)$
Canos et al. (42)	24, M; 14–16 years; competitive	EG1 (n = 8): machine-based training EG2 (n = 8): flywheel training CG (n = 8): regular tennis training	8 wk, 2 d, 16 sessions, N/A, N/A EG1 and EG2:5–6 exercises 3 sets of 6–8 reps followed by a block of 2–3 sets of 5–6 specific exercises	EG1: shoulder press, lateral pulldown, complete leg press, bench press, half squat, forward lunge, dumbbell power EG2: low row 90°, forehand closed stance, backhand stance, one handed chest crossover, one handed low row with one step, global chest press, one handed shoulder press	Lower-extremity muscle power: CMJ height [cm]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.79$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.00$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.13$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.12 (- 1.10, 0.86)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.01 (- 0.03, 2.06)$
					Upper-extremity muscle power: Overhead medicine ball throw test [km/h]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.15$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = 2.64$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.43$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.32 (0.24, 2.40)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 1.37 (0.28, 2.45)$
					Speed: 10 m sprint [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.00$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.057$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.017$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.15 (- 1.13, 0.83)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 1.00 (- 2.04, 0.04)$
					Agility: 505-agility test [s]	EG1-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.80$ EG2-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.11$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = - 0.53$ EG1-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.82 (1.44, 4.20)$ EG2-CG: $S M D_{b} = 2.23 (0.98, 3.48)$
Mengyao et al. (43)	30, M; 16–18 years; N/A	EG (n = 15): core strength training CG (n = 15): regular tennis training	8 wk, 3 d, 24 sessions, 60 min, 180 min 11 exercises, 3 sets of 15 reps	Bird dog and side bridges, back extension, raised upper body and lower body, abdominal crunch and Swiss ball, crunch, plank, lunge, squat, Russian twist on the Swiss ball, bicycle crunch, medicine ball throws	Agility: Spider-test [s]	EG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 1.27$ CG-pp: $S M D_{W} = 0.46$ EG-CG: $S M D_{b} = - 0.82 (- 1.56, - 0.07)$

CG, control group; CMJ, countermovement jump; d, days; EG, experimental group; F, female; ITN, international tennis number; M, male; mo, month; NA/, not available; RM, repetition maximum; SJ, squat jump; SMD_b, between-subject standardized mean differences; SMDw, within-subject standardized mean difference; VIFT, velocity of the intermittent fitness test; wk, weeks.