TABLE 4.
Main causes of DRPs according to PCNE v9.0.
| The basic classification | Control Group (n = 86) | Intervention Group (n = 82) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | Total | % | |
| Problems (also potential) | 160 | 76 | ||
| P1 Treatment effectiveness | 42 | 26.25 | 37 | 48.68 |
| P1.1 No effect of drug treatment despite correct use | 3 | 1.88 | 2 | 2.63 |
| P1.2 Effect of drug treatment not optimal | 23 | 14.38 | 30 | 40.00 |
| P1.3 Untreated symptoms or indication | - | - | 5 | 6.67 |
| P2. Treatment safety | 118 | 73.75 | 37 | 48.68 |
| P2.1 Adverse drug event (possibly) occurring | 118 | 73.75 | 37 | 48.68 |
| P3. Other | - | - | 2 | 2.63 |
| P3.2 Unclear problem/complaint. Further clarification necessary (please use as escape only) | - | - | 2 | 2.63 |
| Causes (including possible causes for potential problems) | 160 | 79 | ||
| C1. Drug selection | 131 | 81.88 | 39 | 49.37 |
| C1.1 Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary | 27 | 16.88 | 19 | 24.05 |
| C1.2 No indication for drug | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.27 |
| C1.3 Inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and herbal medications, or drugs and dietary supplements | 82 | 51.25 | 4 | 5.06 |
| C1.4 Inappropriate duplication of therapeutic group or active ingredient | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C1.5 No or incomplete drug treatment in spite of existing indication | 21 | 13.13 | 7 | 8.86 |
| C1.6 Too many different drugs/active ingredients prescribed for indication | - | - | 7 | 8.86 |
| C2 Drug form | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C2.1 Inappropriate drug form/formulation (for this patient) | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C3 Dose selection | 29 | 18.13 | 32 | 40.51 |
| C3.1 Drug dose too low | 8 | 5.00 | 17 | 21.52 |
| C3.2 Drug dose of a single active ingredient too high | 19 | 11.88 | 11 | 13.92 |
| C3.3 Dosage regimen not frequent enough | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 1.27 |
| C3.4 Dosage regimen too frequent | 1 | 0,63 | 2 | 2.53 |
| C3.5 Dose timing instructions wrong, unclear or missing | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C4 Treatment duration | 58 | 36.25 | - | - |
| C5 Dispensing | - | - | - | - |
| C6 Drug use process | - | - | 3 | 3.80 |
| C6.1 Inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals by a health professional | - | - | 2 | 2.53 |
| C6.4 Drug not administered at all by a health professional | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C7 Patient related | - | - | 2 | 2.53 |
| C7.8 Patient unintentionally administers/uses the drug in a wrong way | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C7.10 Patient unable to understand instructions properly | - | - | 1 | 1.27 |
| C8 Patient transfer related | - | - | - | - |
| C9. Other | - | - | 2 | 2.53 |
| C9.3 No obvious cause | - | - | 2 | 2.53 |
| Planned Interventions | 160 | 76 | ||
| I0. No intervention | 160 | 100 | 5 | 6.58 |
| I1. At prescriber level | - | - | 67 | 88.16 |
| I1.1 Prescriber informed only | - | - | 4 | 5.26 |
| I1.3 Intervention proposed to prescriber | - | - | 6 | 7.89 |
| I1.4 Intervention discussed with prescriber | - | - | 57 | 75.0 |
| I2. At patient level | - | - | 2 | 2.63 |
| I2.1 Patient (drug) counselling | - | - | 2 | 2.63 |
| I3. At drug level | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| I3.2 Dosage changed to | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| I4. Other | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| I4.1 Other intervention (specify) | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| Intervention Acceptance | 160 | 76 | ||
| A1. Intervention accepted | - | - | 64 | 84.21 |
| A1.1 Intervention accepted and fully implemented | - | - | 53 | 69.74 |
| A1.2 Intervention accepted, partially implemented | - | - | 5 | 6.58 |
| A1.3 Intervention accepted but not implemented | - | - | 5 | 6.58 |
| A1.4 Intervention accepted, implementation unknown | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| A2. Intervention not accepted | - | - | 7 | 9.21 |
| A2.2 Intervention not accepted: no agreement | - | - | 4 | 5.26 |
| A2.3 Intervention not accepted: other reason (specify) | - | - | 1 | 1.32 |
| A2.4 Intervention not accepted: unknown reason | - | - | 2 | 2.63 |
| A3. Other | 160 | 100 | 5 | 6.58 |
| A3.2 Intervention not proposed | 160 | 100 | 5 | 6.58 |
| Status of the DRP | 160 | 76 | ||
| O0. Problem status unknown | - | - | 3 | 3.95 |
| O1. Problem solved | - | - | 60 | 78.95 |
| O2. Problem partially solved | - | - | 7 | 9.21 |
| O3. Problem not solved | 160 | 100 | 6 | 7.89 |
| O3.1 Problem not solved, lack of cooperation of patient | - | - | 3 | 3.94 |
| O3.2 Problem not solved, lack of cooperation of prescriber | - | - | 3 | 3.94 |