TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies on the effect of vitamin K supplementation in chronic kidney disease.
| References | Country | Registration | Participants | Number |
Interventions |
Vitamin K |
VC related outcomes | ||||
| Total | Male, n (%) | Experimental | Control | Duration | Type | Dose | |||||
| De Vriese et al. (13) | Belgium | NCT02610933 | Hemodialysis patients with AF treated with anticoagulation | 88 | 63 (71.6%) | Vitamin K2 + rivaroxaban | Rivaroxaban | 18 m | MK-7 | 2 mg Tiw | CA Agatston score, valve Agatston score, CA calcification volume score, valve calcification volume score, death |
| Kurnatowska et al. (20) | Poland | NCT01101698 | Adult patients with CKD stages 3–5 | 42 | 22 (52.4%) | Vitamin K2 + cholecalciferol | Cholecalciferol | 270 d | Vitamin K2 | 90 μg Qd | OC, CA Agatston score |
| Holden et al. (14) | Canada | NCT01528800 | Hemodialysis patients | 86 | 48 (55.2%) | Vitamin K1 | Placebo | 12 m | Phylloquinone | 10 mg Tiw | dp-ucMGP, CA Agatston score, CA calcification volume score, AE, death |
| Lees et al. (22) | UK | ISRCTN22012044 | Adults recipients with functioning kidney transplant for ≥ 1 year | 90 | 63 (70.0%) | Vitamin K1 | Placebo | 12 m | Menadiol diphosphate | 5 mg Tiw | dp-ucMGP, CA Agatston score, PWV, AE, death |
| Levy-Schousboe et al. (15) | Denmark | NCT02976246 | Adult patient on hemodialysis ≥ 3 months | 48 | 37 (77.1%) | Vitamin K2 | Placebo | 2 y | MK-7 | 360 μg Qd | dp-ucMGP, CA Agatston score, valve Agatston score, CA calcification volume score, valve calcification volume score, PWV, AE, death |
| Ochiai et al. (16) | Japan | N/A | Adult patient on hemodialysis > 2 years | 40 | 18 (54.5%) | Vitamin K2 | Null | 12 m | Menatetrenone | 45 mg Qd | OC, death |
| Oikonomaki et al. (17) | Greece | N/A | Adult hemodialysis patients | 102 | 46 (45.1%) | Vitamin K2 | Null | 12 m | MK-7 | 200 μg Qd | dp-ucMGP, Aortic Agatston score, AE, death |
| Witham et al. (21) | UK | ISRCTN21444964 | Adult patients at CKD stages 3–4 | 159 | 97 (61.0%) | Vitamin K2 | Placebo | 12 m | MK-7 | 400 μg Qd | OC, PWV, AE, death |
| Sarhan et al. (18) | Egypt | N/A | Adult patients on hemodialysis > 3 months | 48 | 27 (56.3%) | Vitamin K2 | Placebo | 3 m | MK-7 | 90 μg Qd | dp-ucMGP, PWV |
| El Borolossy and El-Farsy (19) | Egypt | NCT04145492 | Pediatric hemodialysis patients | 30 | 18 (60.0%) | Vitamin K2 | Null | 4 m | MK-7 | 100 μg Qd | OC, dp-ucMGP |
AE, adverse event; AF, atrial fibrillation; CA, coronary artery; CKD, chronic kidney disease; d, day; PWV, pulse wave velocity; m, months; n, number; N/A, not available; OC, osteocalcin; PWV, pulse wave velocity; Qd, once per day; Tiw, three times per week; VC, vascular calcification; y, year.