TABLE 7.

MSC-sEVs enhance regeneration of skin appendages.

MSC source	Isolation	Target cells/conditions	Functional cargo	Molecules/Pathways affected	Key functions/Downstream genes	Ref
Human BM	ultracentrifugation	dermal papilla (DP) cells, outer root sheath (ORS) cells from patients with androgenic alopecia	Wnt3a	Wnt/β-catenin↑	Promoted proliferation and activation of DP cells, upregulated proliferation and migration of ORS cells, enhanced hair growth	Rajendran et al. (2022)
Dermal papilla	Ultrafiltration	Shaved skin in mice	miR-218-5p	β-catenin↑, CD133↑, Ki67↑	Promoted hair growth	Hu et al. (2020)
Huc	Ultracentrifugation	Wounded skin and paw in mice; keratinocytes	TGF-β1	E-cadherin↓, a-SMA↑, Slug↑, Cxcr4↑, Sox9↑, Lgr5↑,Oct4↑	Quickened wound healing and sweat gland restoration; enhanced migratory and stem cell properties of keratinocytes	Chen et al. (2022a)

MDFs, mouse dermal fibroblasts; Col Ⅰ/Ⅲ, collagen Ⅰ/Ⅲ; MMP, matrix metalloprotein; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; SA-β-Gal, senescence-associated-β-gal; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; AT, adipose tissue; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; Src, non-receptor tyrosine kinase C; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; Spred-1, sprouty-related protein 1.