TABLE 8.

Current methods for engineering sEVs.

Engineering on parent cells	Engineering sites	Components	Ref	Engineering on isolated sEVs	Engineering sites	Components	Ref
Genetic transfection	Membrane	Membrane proteins	Alvarez-Erviti et al. (2011)	Chemical modifications	Membrane	Cationic lipids, nanoparticles	Nakase and Futaki. (2015); Qi et al. (2016); Tian et al. (2018)
EXPLOR	Lumen	Proteins	(Yim et al., 2016; Choi et al., 2020)	Co-incubation	Lumen	Hydrophobic drugs	Pascucci et al. (2014); Wang et al. (2022)
Co-culturing	Lumen	Hydrophobic drugs	Pascucci et al. (2014)	Electroporation	Lumen	Antisense oligonucleotides, Cas9 mRNA, and guide RNAs, siRNAs, short hairpin RNAs	Kamerkar et al. (2017); Usman et al. (2018)
Cellular nanoporation	Lumen	Therapeutic mRNAs, Targeting peptides	Yang et al. (2020b)	Sonication	Lumen	Hydrophobic drugs	Kim et al. (2018)
Ischemic preconditioning	Lumen	MiRNAs	Li et al. (2015)	Extrusion	Lumen	Hydrophobic drugs, Enzymes	Jang et al. (2013); Haney et al. (2015)
Inflammatory cytokines	Lumen	MiRNAs	Domenis et al. (2018)	Saponin-assistant permeabilization	Lumen	Hydrophilic drugs	Fuhrmann et al. (2015)
				Lipid-assistant chemical transfection	Lumen	SiRNAs	Shtam et al. (2013)
				Hydrophobic modification	Lumen	SiRNAs	Didiot et al. (2016)