Table 1.

Characteristics of GWASs on the metabolome used for genetic instrument selection

Reference	Cohort(s)	Cohort description	Sample size	Number of metabolic traits	Biomarker assay	Blood fraction tested	Ethnicity	Year
Shin et al	KORA; TwinsUK	Population-based cohort; Population-based twin study	7,824	453	Metabolon	Serum; plasma	German; British	2014
Kettunen et al	EGCUT; ERF; FTC; FR97; COROGENE; GenMets; HBCS; KORA; LLS; NTR; NFBC 1966; PredictCVD; PROTE; YFS	Population-based cohort; Family-based; Population-based twin study; Population-based cohort; Case–control study (only controls used); Case–control study; Birth cohort; Population-based cohort; Family-based; Population-based twin study; Birth cohort; Cohort study; Population-based; Follow up study in children	24,925	123	NMR	Serum; plasma	Estonian; Dutch; Finnish; Finnish; Finnish; Finnish; Finnish; German; Dutch; Dutch; Finnish; Finnish; Estonian; Finnish	2016
Borges et al	UK Biobank	Population-based cohort	115,078	249	Nightingale Health (NMR)	Blood	British	2020

COROGENE Genetic Predisposition of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients Verified with Coronary Angiogram, EGCUT Estonian Genome Center of University of Tartu Cohort, ERF Erasmus Rucphen Family Study, FR97 a subsample of FINRISK 1997, FTC Finnish Twin Cohort, GenMets Genetics of METabolic Syndrome, HBCS Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, KORA Kooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, LLS Leiden Longevity Study, GWAS genome-wide association study, NFBC 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance, NTR Netherlands Twin Register, PredictCVD FINRISK subsample of incident cardiovascular cases and controls, PROTE EGCUT sub-cohort, YFS The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study