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. 2023 Jan 24;22:11. doi: 10.1186/s12940-022-00951-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Associations Between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 Exposure During Mid to Late Pregnancy and Composite Cognitive Scores at 2 Years. Figures show effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) at each monthly lag of exposure during the pregnancy period. Results were obtained from distributed lag models (DLMs) that adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES), breast feedings per day, gestational age, pre-pregnancy BMI, infant birthweight, and infant sex. Panels show associations between PM_2.5 and composite cognitive score (A), PM₁₀ and composite cognitive score (B). Effect sizes are scaled by the IQR of each respective pollutant (PM₁₀ = 8 µg/m³, PM_2.5 = 3 µg/m³). Statistically significant windows are denoted by red squares (p < 0.05)