Table 5.
Associations Between Specific Windows of Prenatal Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 2 Years
| Outcome | Beta | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| Gross Motor Score | ||
| NO2 1 m (early pregnancy) | -0.35 | (-0.69, -0.002) |
| Composite Cognitive Score | ||
| NO2 9 m (late pregnancy) | -1.76 | (-3.50, -0.03) |
| Composite Language Score | ||
| PM2.5 6 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.84 | (-1.58, -0.09) |
| PM2.5 7 m (late pregnancy) | -1.25 | (-2.09, -0.40) |
| PM2.5 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.73 | (-1.37, -0.08) |
| PM10 5 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.41 | (-0.78, -0.03) |
| PM10 6 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.47 | (-0.86, -0.08) |
| PM10 7 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.53 | (-1.01, -0.05) |
| NO2 8 m (late pregnancy) | -1.15 | (-2.23, -0.06) |
| Scaled Language Score | ||
| PM2.5 6 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.28 | (-0.53, -0.03) |
| PM2.5 7 m (late pregnancy) | -0.42 | (-0.71, -0.13) |
| PM2.5 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.25 | (-0.47, -0.02) |
| PM10 5 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.13 | (-0.26, -0.01) |
| PM10 6 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.15 | (-0.29, -0.02) |
| PM10 7 m (late pregnancy) | -0.17 | (-0.34, -0.01) |
| NO2 1 m (early pregnancy | -0.97 | (-1.91, -0.03) |
| NO2 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.38 | (-0.75, -0.01) |
| Expressive Communication Score | ||
| PM2.5 7 m (late pregnancy) | -0.16 | (-0.30, -0.01) |
| PM10 4 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.09 | (-0.17, -0.01) |
| PM10 5 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.08 | (-0.15, -0.01) |
| PM10 6 m (mid pregnancy) | -0.08 | (-0.15, -0.004) |
| Receptive Communication Score | ||
| PM2.5 7 m (late pregnancy) | -0.11 | (-0.20, -0.01) |
| PM2.5 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.15 | (-0.27, -0.03) |
| PM2.5 9 m (late pregnancy) | -0.20 | (-0.34, -0.05) |
| PM10 7 m (late pregnancy) | -0.10 | (-0.20, -0.01) |
| PM10 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.13 | (-0.25, -0.01) |
| PM10 9 m (late pregnancy) | -0.15 | (-0.31, -0.003) |
| NO2 8 m (late pregnancy) | -0.22 | (-0.43, -0.01) |
| NO2 9 m (late pregnancy) | -0.36 | (-0.67, -0.06) |
Table shows the significant associations between monthly ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy and cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age where non-statistically significant findings are not shown. Effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from distributed lag models (DLMs) that adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES), breast feedings per day, gestational age, pre-pregnancy BMI, infant birthweight, and infant sex. Effect estimates are scaled to an IQR increase in exposure (IQR PM2.5 = 3 µg/m3, IQR PM10 = 8 µg/m3, IQR NO2 = 9 ppb)